AP Flashcards
What is a characteristic of viral herpes?
Skin eruption
When a boxer gets hit & had a deviated septum
Vomer (in nose)
Which of the following is a structure found in the upper respiratory ?
Pharynx
A person who has damage to their ulnar nerve will have decreased sensation in?
Arm, inability to adduct arms & fingers
Which bone does not articulate with any other bone ?
Hypoid bone
Which of the following statements best describes endocrine glands?
They secrete chemicals into the blood, growth, metabolism, sexual development and function.
Diet is important because bone are storage places for?
Calcium & phosphorus
Which organ is part of both the male reproduction system & urinary system?
Urethra
Ligaments provide which connection?
Bone to bone
Anaerobic respiration can lead to a burning sensation cause by which molecule?
Lactic acid
As part of the negative feedback system, which type of cell is stimulated to re-absorb bone matrix in respond to a decrease in calcium in blood?
Osteoclasts (break down bone so it can release Ca+ into interstitial fluid
As part of the negative feedback system, which type of cell is stimulated to re-absorb bone matrix in respond to a decrease in calcium in blood?
Osteoclasts (break down bone so it can release Ca+ into interstitial fluid
Sweat on the skin’s surface cool’s the body through which process?
Evaporation
When assessing a female client who describes herself as vegetarian in the nurse notes that she has an unusual skin color. The nurse should ask the client if she has eastern a large amount of ?
Carrot & squash
Which hand position describes anatomical position of a person who is standing erect with feet forward ?
Palms facing anterior
Which structure is a ball & socket Joint ?
Shoulder
Which anatomical structure houses the malleus, incus and stapes
Skull/ ear
What are cells grouped together called?
Tissue
The pulse point located behind the knee is palpated over which artery ?
Popliteal
Ceruminous (apocrine) glands secrete ?
Earwax
What type of synovial joint in the elbow?
Hinge
What occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated/increased?
Cardiac output
Where does digestion begin in the digestive system?
Oral cavity
Which cell structure regulates the transport of substances in & out of a cell?
Plasma membrane
The mediastinum is located within which cavity ?
Thoracic cavity
What is the effect of serotonin, a neurotransmitter?
Involved with mood, anxiety, sleep, happiness, appetite
What is the response of cells in the collecting tubules in nephrons when antidiuretic hormone ADH is secreted ?
H20 is re-absorbed from urinary filtrate
What is the function of thrombocytes (platelets)?
Blood clotting
Which muscle of the quad femoris group lies on the outer side surface of the lower extremity?
Vastus lateralis
Which structure is located on the sternum?
Xiphoid process
The occipital region is located in which part of the body?
Head/Skull
Which structure carries oxygen to the cells?
Hemoglobin
Which gland is commonly known as the “Master Gland”?
Pituitary Gland
Aspirin occurs when there is a tear in which structures?
Ligament
What epidermal derivative is involved in temperature homeostasis?
Eccrine gland (Merocrine/ Sweat gland)
Which statement are true about bone?
Osteoblasts (build up of bone), Epiphyseal (end to bone), Diaphysis (shaft to bone)
The malleus, incus, and stapes are located in which part of the body?
Ear
Aqueous humor is watery fluid in which part of the body?
Eye (in front of eye, between lens and cornea )
Dorsiflexion, Plantarflexion are types of joint movement that are associated with which part of the body?
Foot
Within which vessel does blood return from the lungs?
Pulmonary vein (Remember pulmonary is heart, veins take deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Arteries carry oxygen & nutrients away from the heart.
Which part of the brain is involved in auditory functioning?
Temporal lobe
What internal structure of the ear is concerned with hearing?
Cochlea
Fertilization of an ovum occurs in which anatomical structure?
Fallopian tubes ( also known as uterine tubes)
Where is the tibialis anterior muscle located?
Lower leg
The mitral valve is located between which two structures ?
left ventricle and left atrium
An overproduction of cerumen (earwax( can accumulate in which area?
external Ear and canals
The olfactory nerve is associated in which sense?
smell
Vessel carries blood from the body to the heart?
Vena Cava
Hormones produced by the ovaries?
estrogen & progesterone
plane divides the body into left and right sides?
Sagittal
Two divisions that make up the nervous system?
PNS & CNS (peripheral & central)
The orthopedic surgeon informs you that you have broken the distal region of the humerus? What area is he describing?
Epiphysis
Part of the brain that attaches to the spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
Which term is used to describe movement of the arms & legs away from midline of the body?
Abduction (AB = away from)
Structure that provides a pulse reading in the neck?
carotid artery
Which hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary gland?
oxytocin & ADN (antidiuretic hormone) (ADH is also known as Vasopressin)
What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
carries oxygen
What stimulates chemoreceptors to function?
up in C02 and down in 02
Which condition causes a client to say “ I cant see far away”
Nearsightedness (think opposite, far is near and near is far)
What is the function of Golgi apparatus?
packaging proteins for secretion and transports lipids around the cell & synthesize carbs and glycoproteins
What organ produces insulin?
Pancreas
Fertilization occurs in the ?
Oviduct
What hormone induces growth of pubic and axillary hair at puberty?
Testosterone & Estrogen
When drawing blood from antecubital region, which blood vessel is used to obtain blood?
Median cubital
Increase in rate of breathing results in what blood PH change?
Alkalosis
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Regulates balance & thermoregulation
How many carbs per gram do carbs contain?
4
When water molecules move across the cell membrane from high to low concentration, this process is called?
Osmosis
What is the result of carbon dioxide in the body?
Body becomes more acidic
What part of the body is the lower back?
Lumbar
High levels of which ion would most likely result in a cardiac arrest?
Potassium
What blood vessels perfuses (goes through) the kidney?
Renal vein (this vein drains the kidney)
what gland is located on the anterior surface of the trachea?
thyroid gland
In white blood cells, what contributes to phagocytosis?
Macrophages & Neutrophils
What structure of the eye picks out color?
Retina
What is the most protective layer of the skin?
Epidermis
Where in the body are nutrients absorbed?
Small Intestine
The organ of corti is located in the ?
Ear
The rough ER functions in the humans cells to?
Synthesize proteins
Tissue repair is enhanced by a diet high in?
protein
What is the definition of chyme?
Semi-fluid mass of partially digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum.
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers
What female reproductive organ produces oocytes, estrogen & progesterone?
Ovaries
What cellular process helps to move debris and mucous through the lining of tubules?
Cilia
Which is a hollow organ?
Gallbladder
Which muscle(s)is included in the quad femoris group?
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
Which structure is responsible for normal respiratory function?
Medulla Oblongata
A client has a large pituitary tumor, what part of the body does this effect?
low blood pressure, sickness, head hurting, and vision problems
Which structures produce B-lymphocytes?
red bone marrow
What occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulation is increased?
Blood pressure rises and goose bumps
The buttocks are which surface of the body?
Dorsal
The esophagus is located in which body cavity?
Thoracic
The tympanic membrane is located between which structures?
External auditory canal & middle ear
How many days is the average menstrual cycle?
28 days
Which structure produces T-lymphocytes?
Thymus
Calcaneus is located in the?
Foot
Urinary system in the human body primary task is to ?
Expel waste
Which of the following produce progesterone to prepare the uterus for pregnancy?
Corpus luteum
What are finger prints made of
Friction ridges
ABCD of cancer?
Melanoma
Which of the following locations would the urinary bladder & internal reproductive organ be found?
Pelvic region
Which one up angle at the joint ?
Extensor
Which hormone is released by posterior lobe?
Oxytocin & ADH (also known as Vasopressin)
Order of organization of living things?
HINT “Any Mighty Organism Can Typically Organize Organ Systems, Promoting Community Efforts, Biomes, Biospheres”
Organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, biosphere
All living things are made up of ?
Cells
All living things are made up of ?
Cells
What bones are formed first during intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones of the skull, the mandible and the clavicles
What bones are formed first during intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones of the skull, the mandible and the clavicles
Most obvious skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma
Active transports requires?
Requires energy (ATP) from cell
Passive transport?
Does not require energy (ATP)
Diffusion is ?
Passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient low to high concentration
Osmosis is ?
Movement of water across the a membrane (high to low concentration)
Fibrous joint are?
Stationary & held together by ligaments only (ex teeth in a socket)
Cartilaginous is?
Connection between articulating bones made of cartilage
Synovial joints are ?
Freely mobile (ex: hinge, pivot, saddle)
Types of asexual reproduction?
Binary fission & mitosis
What is the Eustachian tube?
Links the nasopharynx to the middle ear
Calciferol (aka vitamin d) is controlled by?
Parathyroid hormone
Sebaceous gland function?
Secretes oil
What is endocytosis?
Engulfs and bring in (endo =internal)
What is exocytosis?
Fuses with plasma membrane & release contents outside the cell (exo = exit )
Pituitary gland produces?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone & growth hormone
What does the adrenal gland secrete ?
Cortisol & Aldosterone
Aerobic respiration takes place in?
Mitochondria and requires oxygen and glucose to produce carbo dioxide, water and energy
Aerobic respiration takes place in?
Mitochondria and requires oxygen and glucose to produce carbo dioxide, water and energy
Anaerobic respiration produces?
Energy & uses glucose, but produces less energy and does not require oxygen
What parts of the respiratory system are in the upper respiratory?
Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
Aerobic respirations happens in the presence of ?
Oxygen
What is the soft spot on the baby’s head ?
Fontanelle
Layers of the epidermis? (Superficial to deep)
Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
Top of the sternum is called?
Manubrium
Parts of the sternum
Manubrium, body , xiphoid process
What makes up lost plasma
Water
Polypeptides are ?
Chains of amino acids
What is mitosis?
The process of cell division that occurs in 5 stages before pinching 2 daughter cells in a process called cytokinesis
What is meiosis ?
Is to make haploid gametes and production of germ cells
Photosynthesis is?
- Precursor to the glucose molecule is produced in a process
- Uses sunlight to synthesize foods from CO 2 and H 2 O
- Generates oxygen as a byproduct.
Ribs are attached to the?
Sternum
A auricle is?
A thin pouch in the heart
Inspiration is ___ and Expiration is?
Inspiration = inhale & Expiration = exhale
What separates the Abdominal & thoracic cavity?
Diaphragm
The distal convoluted tubule is controlled by?
-Reabsorbing calcium, sodium, and chloride and regulates the pH of urine by secreting
protons and absorbing bicarbonate
- Works with hormone Aldosterone
HCL is a chemical in the stomach, why is it not absorbed or cause harm to the stomach?
Mucus lining protects it
Largest layer in the heart?
Left ventricle
What makes colors of the skin?
Melanin. (we all have the same # of melanocytes, it is the amount of melanin that determines
our color)
Oxytocin is?
Produced by: Hypothalamus & Released by: Posterior pituitary
Ligaments are?
Bone to bone
Tendons are?
Bone to muscle
Osteocytes are?
- Bone forming cells
- Form bone to some degree, maintain strength & health of the bone matrix
- Occupies small chamber called lacuna
4 steps of bone ossification?
Hematoma formation, Callus formation, Ossification, Bone remodeling
Gall bladder is part of?
Digestive system
Vastus lateralis extends?
Extends & stabilizes the knee
Muscle contraction that moves food through digestive tract?
Peristalsis
Schwann cells are located in?
Peripheral nervous system
How does Nervous system work with Muscular system?
Tells muscles how to respond to environment
Somatic Nervous System?
- Part of PNS associated with the VOLUNTARY CONTROL of body movements via skeletal
muscles. - Consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves, & efferent nerves or motor nerves
Autonomic Nervous System?
- Regulates a variety of body process that takes place without conscious effort.
- Part of the PNS& is responsible for regulating INVOLUNTARY body functions, such as
heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and digestion
Which organ system is responsible for regulating muscle growth?
Endocrine system
How does lymph work with circulatory?
Lymph draws excess fluid from cells & deposits it into blood vessels
What is the function of parathyroid?
Activation of vitamin D
What is a normal heart beat?
72 bpm 120 over 80
How is pepsin used in the body?
- Breaks down proteins into smaller peptides
- It is produced in the stomach & is one of the main digestive enzymes in the digestive
systems
Which system produces antibodies?
Lymphatic system
Blood that has supplied nutrients & Oxygen to heart muscle returns to right atrium via?
Coronary sinus
Blood in the pulmonary veins return to the?
Left Atrium
Diploid has __ chromosomes? (MITOSIS)
46 chromosomes
Haploid has __ chromosomes? (MEIOSIS)
23 chromosomes
Mitosis produces?
2 Diploid cells
Meiosis produces?
4 Haploid cells
Skeletal system function?
Protection, movement, mineral storage, production of blood
Efferent neurons are?
Motor neurons that carry neural impulses AWAY from the CNS & towards muscles to cause
movement.
Afferent neurons are?
Sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the CNS & brain
Gametes are?
- Mature haploid male or female germ cell which are able to unite with another of the
opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote - Male or female reproductive cell that contains half the genetic material of the organism.
- Are an organism's reproductivecells. They are also referred to as sexcells.
Femalegametesare called ova or eggcells, and malegametesare called sperm. - Gametesare HAPLOIDcells (Meiosis), & eachcellcarries ONLY ONE copy of each
chromosome.
What do capillaries do?
Carry blood AWAY from body in order to exchange nutrients, oxygen & waste
What is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere & blood through the alveoli called?
External respiration (exhaling)
Theexchange of gases betweenthebloodand tissuecellsis?
Internal respiration (inhaling)
Ovum can be described as?
A mature female reproductive cell & can divide to give rise to an embryo usually only after
fertilization by male cell
What are the two functions of the male & female sex organs?
Production of gametes & production of hormones
Which tissues serves as the framework by providing support & structure for organs?
Connective tissue
What are the glands of the skin that produce a thin, watery secretion?
Eccrine Glands (aka Sweat glands or Merocrine glands)
All actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of nerve impulses over which of
the following?
Neurons
Monocytes become?
Macrophages
Lymphocytes are?
- White blood cells that are also one of the body's main types of immune cells
- They are made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue
- Defend the body against foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, & cancer cells that can
threaten its functioning
Neutrophils are?
A WBC (White blood cell) that Phagocytize microorganisms
In order for inhalation to occur?
Contraction of diaphragm, which enlarges chest cavity and draws in air
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
Where does fertilization occur?
Fallopian tubes
Cellular contact is important for?
Wound healing
The most abundant tissue is?
connective tissue
