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ANATOMY > AP 101 Final > Flashcards

AP 101 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of Epidermis and cells

A

Epidermis composed of epitheal tissue
Thicker CT = Dermis
Subcutaneous = Areolar + Adipose Tissue

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2
Q

Define Keratinocytes

A

stratified squamous epithleam
Produce keratin protein and lamelluar granules
90% epidermal cells

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3
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce pigment melanin

8% of epidermal cells

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4
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

Red Bone marrow
immune system recognition
Damaged by UV light

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5
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Detect touch sensation

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6
Q

5 layers of epidermis in order thin

A

Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Corneum

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7
Q

5 layers of thick epidermis

A

Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum

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8
Q

Basale

A

Basal = Base
Cuboidal columnar kertinocytes
Melano cytes + Merkel Cell

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9
Q

Spinosum

A

Spinosum = thorn like

langerhan cell metancoyte

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10
Q

Granulosum

A

Granulos = little grains
tonofilament abundance
keratohylin protein
lameller granules

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11
Q

Lucidum

A

Lucid = Clear
Only present in THICK skin
dead keratinocytes

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12
Q

Corneum

A

Corne = horn structure
within cells keratin
between cells lipids

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13
Q

What is keratinization

A

Accumulation of keratin as cells move from
one epidermal to the next
occurs in S basale

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14
Q

Growth of epidermis?

A

4 weeks (Formation and migration)
Vascular supply from dermis
Cells in S basale most active. produce keratinocytes

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15
Q

Composition papillary4 and reticular 5

A 
Papillary - 
Consists of areolar connective tissue
Dermal papillae consist of 
Capillary loops
Meissner corpuscles
 Free nerve endings

Retitcular-
consist of DENSE Irregular connective tissue
Fibroblast, collagen, elastic fibers
strength extensibility elasticity

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16
Q

Function of Sebaceous Glands (Oil)

A

Keeps hair moist
Prevents excessive evaporation
inhibits growth of bacteria

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17
Q

Function of Sudoriferous Glands

A

2 main types = Eccrine & apocrine
Eccrine is outwards Merocrine

Regulates Temperature
Elimination of waste
Emotional Sweating

Apocrine is Seperate from,

emotional sweating
sexual activity
no role in thermal regulation

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18
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

Sweat Glands in the ear
produces wax lubricant with ear hairs provides sticky barrier

waterproof canals
prevents bacteria from entering cell

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19
Q

Functions of the skin

A 
Thermoregulation
Blood reservoir
Protection
Cutaneous sensation 
Excretion vs absorption
Synthesis of Vit D
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20
Q

Cutaneous vs Tactile

A

Cutaneous - stimulate skin surface very superficial
Tactile, Thermal, Pain and proprioceptive

Tactile
Tactile sensation
Touch - Pressure - Vibration - Itch Tickle

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21
Q

Recepters in the skin

A

Thermo Recepters
Free nerve ending

Thermation sensation
detected by cold n warm recepters
above 48 below 10

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22
Q

6 Function of Skeletal System

A 
Bone osseous tissue
Cartilidge
DCT
epitheleium
Adipose Nervous tissue
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23
Q

2 types of bone marrow

A

Blood cell production = Red Bone Marrow

Triglyceride production = Yellow Bone Marrow

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24
Q

Define Homeopoises

A

the production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.

all bone marrow is red

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25
Q

Describe each part of long bone

A 
Typical Components:
Diaphysis
Bone shaft or body – long, cylindrical, main portion of bone
Epiphysis
Proximal and distal portion of bone
Metaphysis
Regions bw the diaphysis and epiphysis
In a growing bone – each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate – layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length

Articular cartilage
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone
Reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints
Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
Hallow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults

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26
Q

Location and function of
Periosteum
Endosteum

A

Periosteum is located around the bone
protection and fracture repair
contains thick bundles of collagen fibers

endosteum - located inside the bone surface
single cell layers
small amounts of CT

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27
Q

what is Osseous Tissue

A

Bone contains extracellular matrix surrounding cells

water collagen mineral sale

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28
Q

Define calcification

A

Bone building Block/cells osteoblasts

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29
Q

Hardness vs flexibility

A

Harndess depends on inorganic mineral salts in the bone

Flexiliblity depends on collagen fibers n organic molecules in bone

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30
Q

4 types of bone cells

A

Osteo genic Cells - only cell that does cell division inside endo periosteum n canals

Osteo- Blasts, Building blocks , builds ECM of bone initiate calcification

Osteo- Cyte, Maintains and matures bone cells

Clasts - Breaks down in ECM lots in endosteum
Resporption.

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31
Q

Location function of compact tissue

A

under periosteum , protects supports resists, Osteons

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32
Q

location function of spongy tissue

A

no osteons, interior bone tissue , trabeculae support Red bone marrow

33
Q

compact and spongy bone

A

Spongy reduces weight of bone

34
Q

Location and role of Nutrient arteries?

A

supplies inner portion of compact and red bone marrow up EPIPHYSEAL LINE

35
Q

Periosteal arteries

A

Supplies periosteum and outer portion of compact bone

36
Q

Metaphyseal arteries

A

supplies red bone marrow

37
Q

Which bone contains sensory nerves for pain

A

Periosteum rich in nerves

38
Q

Define osstification

A

when the bone is formed

39
Q

Define Osteogenesis

A

making of the bone

40
Q

whats the difference between intramembranous & endochondral ossification

A 
IM = within the membrane / Flat bones of skull n mandible
EC = within the cartilidge  / Long bones of the body
41
Q

Process of interstitial growth?

4 identiy zones within the epyphyseal plates

A

Resting C - anchor epiphyseal plate to eiphyseal
Prolifering C to replace dead cells at diphyseal side
hypertrophic C - maturing chondrocytes,
Calcified C - Dead chondrocytes Osteo clasts n blastss

42
Q

what is appositional growth

A

Growth at outter surface

43
Q

bone remodeling, resorption, deposition

A

replace Old bone tissue by new tissue
remove old minerals collagen through CLASTS
add new minerals collagen through blasts

44
Q

function of osteo clasts and osteo blasts in process of resorption

A

osteo clasts attach to endoosteum n periosteum

osteo blasts replace the bones

45
Q

formation of bone spurs

A

to much mineral deposit , calcium tissue, imbalance of OC and OB

46
Q

3 factors that effect bone metabolism

A

Minerals, vitamins hormones

47
Q

role of minerals in remodeling

A

Calcium n phosperus

48
Q

role of vitamins in remodling

A

Vit A = BlAsts
Vit C = Collagen
Vit D = ^ absorption calcium
Vit K = synthsize bone protein

49
Q

fracture types in location type and patterns

A

Open/Closed -Broken bone in skin humerous fracture

Comminated - Bone is crushed into pieces

GreenStick - 1 side of bone is broken (ulnaRadois)

Impacted - One end of the bone is driven into the other

Potts n Colles - Potts= Fibula Colls = Radius fracture

50
Q

Articulation
Kinesiology
arthology

A

A - Point of contact between 2 bones, Bone & Cartilidge, Bone & Teeth

Ar

51
Q

Cartilagionous 2

A

Synchrondroses - Hyaline cartilidge , synarthorises,
Epiphyseal plate in bones . between 1st rib n manubrim

Symphyses- Hyaline artilidge, broad flat disc

52
Q

Articulation
Kinesiology
arthology

A

A - Point of contact between 2 bones, Bone & Cartilidge, Bone & Teeth

Arthogy - study of joints

kine - study of human motion

53
Q

Distinguish characteriscs

A

All synovial joints are function as diarthorsis

54
Q

Synovial 6

A

Planar joint - Biaxial flat curved - intercarpaltarsal
Hinge joint - monaxial convexconcave knee elbow
Pivot Joint - monaxial AA, Ulnaradial
Condyloid joint - biaxial wrist joint
SAddle - Triaxial thumb
Ball and socket joints triaxial 0 shoulder n hip

55
Q

hiltons law

A

nerves that supply joint also supply muscles moving the joint or skin covering attachments

56
Q

4 Synovial movements

A

Gliding
Angular movements - flexion ext. ab. add.
Rotation - aa shoulder hip
Special movements

57
Q

6 factors of influence

A 
Structure and shape
tension of joint ligaments
arrangement tension of muscles
contact of soft parts
hormones 
Diuse
58
Q

3 Types of Muscle tissue

A

Skeletal Tissue - Striated - Peripherally - voluntary control
Cardiac Tissue - Striated - Centrally local - involuntary
Muscle Tissue - nonstriated - centrally - involuntary

59
Q

3 Types of Muscle tissue

A

Skeletal Tissue - Striated - Peripherally - voluntary control
Cardiac Tissue - Striated - Centrally local - involuntary
Muscle Tissue - nonstriated - centrally - involuntary

60
Q

4 functions of muscle tissue

A

Body movements
stabalize body position
storing and movement substances
generating heat

61
Q

4 Properties muscle tissue

A

Electrical Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elacticity

62
Q

Describe Fascia

A

Dense sheet of irregular CT
Lines body of walls n limbs
Fills spaces between muscles
Carries nerves and vessels

63
Q

Muscle cell vs muscle fibre

A

2 terms for the same structure

64
Q

components of CT in skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium - Outer most layer DICT
Perimysium - groups of 100 fasicles DICT
endomysium - then sheath of Areolar CT

65
Q

Neural and vascular supply to skeletal muscle

A

1 artery with 1-2 veins

Somatic Motor Neurons stimulate +

66
Q

microscopic anatomy of a muscle fibre

A

Small mesodermal cells - myoblasts

67
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

enlargement of muscle fibers

68
Q

dfine hyper plascia

A

increase in number of muscle fibers

69
Q

what is the function of satalite cells

A

Few myoblast exist in mature skeletal muscle as satellite cells

70
Q

Function of sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of muscle cell

71
Q

Function of Transverse tubules

A

multiple sarcolemma.

Action Potential travel through t tubles spreading throughout muscle fiber.

72
Q

Function of sarcoplasm

A

Within the sarcolemme , the cytoplasm of muscle fiber
contains myoglobin.
mitochondria.
Releases oxygen when needed for ATP production

73
Q

Function of myofibrils

A

elongated contractile threads in the muscle fiber

74
Q

Function of Sarcoplasmic reticulim

A

Fluid filled system of membraneous sacs that encircle each myofibril
In the relaxed state – SR stores Ca

75
Q

Function of Terminal cisterns

A

Dilated ends of the SR – butt against the T tubules on either side (triad)
terminal cisterns release Ca which triggers contraction

76
Q

Action of calcium in the muscle cell

A

store calicum ions in the SR

77
Q 
Function of Z Disc
M - Line
thick n filaments
A n I Bands
H zone
A

Z disc
Narrow plate-shaped regions of dense protein that separates one sacromere from the next
A band
Darker, middle region of sacromere that extends the entire length of the thick filaments
I band
lighter, less dense that contains the rest of the thin filaments by NO thick filaments
H zone
Narrow zone that contains only thick filaments and no thin filament
M line
Supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together at the center form the M line

78
Q

3 Types of protein in Myofibrils

A

CRS. Contractile - Generate force in muscle contraction
Regulatory - Switches contraction process on and off
Strutural - Maintain proper alignment thick and thin filaments
provides elasticiy

79
Q

4 steps of contraction cycle

A

ATP hydrolosis

ANATOMY (5 decks)

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