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Learning & Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

what is behaviourism?

A

the theory that psychology can be objectively studied through observable action. The idea that all behaviours are learnt through an interaction with the environment

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2
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

a process of learning through involuntary associations between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response

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3
Q

what is a stimulus?

A

event which causes a response (sound, smell, visual, temperature, object)

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4
Q

what happens in the before conditioning phase CC?

A

-The neutral stimulus has no associations and therefore doesn’t produce any significant response
-Unconditioned stimulus provides an unconscious response
-The unconditioned response is the naturally occurring behaviour in response to a stimulus

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5
Q

what happens in the during conditioning phase CC?

A
  • the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus which produces an unconditioned response
  • sometimes the pairing is emotionally significant and therefore only takes one pairing
  • The neutral stimulus must be presented first remaining until the unconditioned stimulus is presented within ½ a second
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6
Q

what happens in the after conditioning phase CC?

A
  • The neutral stimulus has become the conditioned stimulus producing a conditioned response
  • The conditioned stimulus is originally the neutral stimulus that produces a conditioned response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (NS -> CS)
  • The conditioned response occurs involuntarily after the conditioned stimulus is presented, it is the learnt response after classical conditioning has taken place
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7
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

Suggests that learning occurs through interacting with the external environment

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8
Q

what is the antecedent?

A

the stimulus or event that precedes and often elicits a particular behaviour, AKA ‘discriminative stimulus’

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9
Q

what is the behaviour?

A

the voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent, the learner plays an active role in the action.

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10
Q

what is the consequence?

A

the outcome of the behaviour, which determines the likelihood that it will occur again

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11
Q

what is a reinforcement?

A

consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

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12
Q

what is a punishment?

A

a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

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13
Q

what is a positive reinforcement?

A

the addition of a desirable stimulus, which increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring

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14
Q

what is a negative reinforcement?

A

the removal of an undesirable consequence which, increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

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15
Q

what is a positive punishment?

A

the addition of an undesirable stimulus, which decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring

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16
Q

what is a negative punishment?

A

the removal of a desirable stimulus, which decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

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17
Q

what are similarities between operant conditioning and CC?

A
  • Both are behaviourist approaches to learning,
  • that all behaviours are learnt through environmental interaction
  • both are 3 phase processes of learning
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18
Q

What are differences between operant conditioning and CC

A

operant conditioning involves voluntary learning behaviour whereas classical conditioning involves learning as an involuntary behaviour
- learners are active during operant conditioning whereas learners are passive during classical conditioning
- operant conditioning requires a consequence whereas no consequence is needed during classical conditioning

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19
Q

what is observational learning?

A

Process of learning that involves watching the behaviour of a model and the associated consequence of that behaviour

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20
Q

what type of learning is observational learning?

A

social-cognitive approach

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21
Q

what is a model?

A

the individual who is performing the behaviour that the learner observes, in this way it can also be referred to modelling

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22
Q

what are the types of models?

A

live model, verbal model, symbolic model

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23
Q

what are the stages of observational learning?

A

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement

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24
Q

what happens in the attention stage?

A

Learner allocates cognitive energy and effort to notice the intricate details of the models behaviour

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25
Q

what happens in the retention stage?

A

Learner stores the mental representation (memory) in their long term memory (LTP) for later use

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26
Q

what happens in the reproduction stage?

A

Individual evaluates whether they have the physical or mental capabilities to replicate the behaviour, If the learner deems, they don’t have the capabilities the process stops

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27
Q

what happens in the motivation stage?

A

Individual must have a desire/ want to complete the behaviour, therefore there must be a positive consequence or reward

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28
Q

what happens in the reinforcement stage?

A

The individual receives a positive consequence making them more likely to produce that behaviour in the future

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29
Q

what is memory?

A

the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information that has been acquired through learning

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30
Q

what is encoding?

A

conversion of sensory information into a useable form so that it can be neurologically represented (manipulation of stimuli)

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31
Q

what is storage?

A

retention of the encoded information over time

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32
Q

what is retrival?

A

recovery of stored information for use when needed

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33
Q

what is the atkinson shiffrin multi-store model of memory?

A

Considers memory as a system with three distinct stores which interact to encode, store and retrieve information

34
Q

what is sensory memory?

A

-The entry point for memory, as it is detected by your senses. Briefly stores raw information detected by the senses
-This form isn’t recognised by the brain

35
Q

what is iconic memory?

A

all visual sensory register in its raw form

36
Q

what is echoic memory?

A

All auditory goes into the hearing sensory register

37
Q

what is short term memory?

A

Store of memory that holds limited information that is consciously attended to and manipulated

38
Q

what is long term memory?

A

memories have been encoded to a useable form, not consciously aware of memories in our LTM
-can be retrieved back into our STM

39
Q

what is displacement?

A

when information in the STM is pushed out by new incoming information

40
Q

what is decay?

A

when information fades away on its own after the duration of the STM has expired

41
Q

what is chunking?

A

when information fades away on its own after the duration of the STM has expired (chunks) these chunks are more meaningful. Chunking can increase the capacity of the STM

42
Q

what is mantinence rehersal?

A

rote repetition, repetition of information over and over again

43
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal?

A

linking and organising new information with existing information (more effective rehearsal method)

44
Q

what are strengths of the AS memory model?

A

distinguishes between different stores involved in memory
- outlines each store’s capacity and duration
- findings of studies support STM and LTM distinction

45
Q

what are limitations of the AS memory model?

A

– STM is more complex than the model suggests
- ignore factors such as motivation and strategy
- Transferring into the LTM can occur without rehearsal
- the model doesn’t account for individual differences in memory

46
Q

what is explicit memory?

A

a type of long term memory, declarative memories as they can be declared or stated to someone else
Two types of explicit memory: semantic memory, episodic memory

47
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

Consists of general knowledge or facts

48
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

Consists of personal experiences or events, Unique to each individual and their own personal experiences

49
Q

what is implicit memory?

A

Type of LTM that is unconsciously retrieved,

50
Q

what is classically conditioned memory?

A

Involuntary response that is usually emotionally charged, Retrieved involuntarily and can be reflexive

51
Q

what is procedural memory?

A

Involves knowing how to carry out tasks that are facilitated by motor skills

52
Q

what are autobiographical events?

A

personally lived events that have occurred to us at some time in our lives

53
Q

what are possible imagined futures?

A

hypothetical experiences and situations that an individual has the ability to create and conceptualise in their mind

54
Q

what memories are involved in constructing possible imagined futures?

A

episodic and semantic

55
Q

what brain structure is important for possible imagined futures?

A

hippocampus

56
Q

what is Alzheimers?

A

Neurodegenerative disease characterised by the progressive loss of neurons in the brain causing memory decline

57
Q

what is retrograde amnesia?

A

older autobiographical events, effecting most recent events and eventually impacting the oldest memories

58
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A

trouble forming new memories of recent events

59
Q

what are amyloid plagues?

A

-Fragments of the protein beta-amyloid that accumulates into insoluble plagues
-Inhibit communication between neurons

60
Q

what are neurofibrillary tangles?

A

-Accumulation of the protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons
-Then inhibit the transportation of essential substances
-Eventually kills the neuron entirely

61
Q

what is aphantasia?

A
  • A phenomenon in which individuals lack the capacity to generate mental imagery
62
Q

what are mneumonics?

A

devices or techniques used to aid the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

63
Q

what are written traditions?

A

practices in which knowledge, stories and customs are preserved and shared primarily through reading and writing

64
Q

what are acronyms?

A

the first letters of items form a pronounceable word

65
Q

what are acrostics?

A

mnemonic device in which the first letters of items create a phrase, rhyme or poem to aid memory

66
Q

what is method of loci?

A

device that converts items into mental images and associates them with specific locations to aid memory, involving visualising items in specific well-known locations

67
Q

what are the written traditions?

A

acronyms, acrostics, method of loci

68
Q

what are oral traditions?

A

practices in which knowledge, stories, and customs are preserved and shared through spoken word and movement

69
Q

what are sung narratives?

A

stories that share important cultural, ecological and survival information through the use of singing, harmony and rhythm

70
Q

what are songlines?

A

a type of sung narrative that is a multimodal performance conducted as a family or community travels through country and spaces in the landscape

71
Q

how do songlines aid memory?

A
  • Vivid narrative imagery and emotional story content strengthen memorability
  • Encoding with dance provides an embodied procedural scaffold
  • Navigation of journey- provides spatial scaffold
72
Q

what is the AITSIP way of knowing/learning?

A

-Strong emphasis that learning is a process that involves the community
-Process of learning is driven by being part of a system that supports community needs and is inherently tied to the relationship between teacher and learner

73
Q

what are systems of knowledge?

A

-Developed by communities working together and sharing traditional expertise and knowledge
- Informed by spiritual and ancestral knowledge

74
Q

What are the components of the 8 ways of learning framework?

A

story sharing, learning maps, non-verbal, symbols and images, land links
non-linear, deconstruct/reconstruct community links

75
Q

what is story sharing?

A

-Learning takes place through narrative and story-sharing
-Validate their experiences

76
Q

what are learning maps?

A
  • Schematic representations
  • Planning and visualising processes and knowledge
77
Q

what is non-verbal?

A
  • Sharing knowledge through non-verbal means, including dance, art, and observation
  • Kinaesthetic learning which is hands-on
  • Doesn’t include any written words
78
Q

what are symbols and images?

A

-Learning through images, symbols, and metaphors

79
Q

what are land links?

A
  • Learning and knowledge are inherently linked to nature, land and country
  • learning is intertwined with nature/ the land content in linked to geographical landmarks and features
80
Q

what is non-linear?

A

-thinking outside the square and taking knowledge from a different viewpoint in order to build new understandings

81
Q

what is deconstruct/reconstruct?

A
  • breaking down a concept from whole to parts and then applying it
  • learner initially watch knowledge/ skills and then they perform it
82
Q

what are community links?

A
  • connecting learning to local values, needs and knowledge
  • learning is seen to benefit the community rather than an individual

Psychology (8 decks)

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