aos2 formal language

Question 1

phonological patterns

Answer 1

eg:
-alliteration
-assonance

in formal texts, phonological patterning displays an element of planning or consideration.

Question 2

subsystem patterning

Answer 2

-contributes to consistency, clarity and precision
-help writers adhere to formal style
-ensure cultural and social appropriateness.

Question 3

morphological patterns

Answer 3

eg
-conversion of word class

can be used in formal context to address new ideas or inventions in society, the seriousness of the situation or engage an audience.

Question 4

syntactic patterns

Answer 4

-listing
-parallelism
-antithesis

syntactic patterns can be used to provide clarity, or emphasise arguments. used for rhetoric effect

Question 5

semantic patterns

Answer 5

-figurative language
-metaphor
-lexical ambiguity

semantic patterning allows shared connection to be drawn to abstract concepts
in politics it can be used to craft a shared bias or manipulate an audience

Question 6

jargon

Answer 6

-jargon is specialised language for a particular field.
-can help asset authority and expertise by demonstrating a detailed and complex understanding of subject matter.
-it can make it more precise which has the benefits of reducing lexical density
-increase clarity

Question 7

euphemism

Answer 7

-used to navigate potentially sensitive and taboo topics to avoid offence. Euphemism can support social harmony through lessening the impact of the situation which could otherwise be distressing.

-used to meet politeness standard and ensure the writer appeals to a wider audience.

Question 8

double speak

Answer 8

-it is purposely ambiguous, that are used in order to obfuscate meaning or to misdirect the focus of an audience.

Question 9

rhetoric

Answer 9

rhetoric is often applied to someone’s use of language to persuade another into action.
-can be used to win over an audience.

Question 10

non-discriminatory language

Answer 10

-seeks to unify by using more general terminology
-effectively embraces a wider audience or group.
-promotes inclusion
-plural pronouns to be gender neutral

Question 11

referential

Answer 11

-informative
-the referential function is passing of information

Question 12

phatic

Answer 12

-upholding social conventions such as greetings in openings.
-politeness strategies in closings
-exchanges are often less intimate likely to occur to due social distance.

Question 13

promoting social harmony

Answer 13

-promoting social harmony involves break downing barrier that might exist between various cultures and groups

-euphemisms
-politeness strategies
-non-discriminatory language

Question 14

negotiating social taboos

Answer 14

are actions and beliefs that create discomfort for a particular society.
-formal texts often are used to used as mechanism to help negotiate the discussion of taboos.
-high technical language

Question 15

building rapport

Answer 15

formal language can be used to build rapport by showing mutual respect.
-like to be built when negative face needs are met, as this provides agency to engage in the discourse or not.

Question 16

reinforcing social distance

Answer 16

can indicate that there is social distance between interlocutors
-this can be because participants are unfamiliar with each other, or the speaker is addressing a wider or unknown audience.
-more likely to rely on formal language to avoid offending or isolating.

Question 17

establishing expertise

Answer 17

expertise and to differentiate themselves from audiences who aren’t knowledgeable about a particular field.

Question 18

non-fluency features

Answer 18

-still present in formal texts as they are a part of natural speech
-may signal the speaker is taking time to gather thoughts
-could be nerves or hesitation
-could be planned to create emphasis

Question 19

cohesion

Answer 19

information flow - presenting info that maximises audiences understanding, less ability to seek clarification.

repetition- emphasise key points

Question 20

coherence

Answer 20

logical ordering- crafting how information is released making it easy to follow

formatting- follow typical conventions, it is expected positioning

consistency- the manner in which the audience is addressed.