AOS1 unit 1 (part 1) Flashcards
Cell structure and function
What is cell theory?
- all living things are made up of cells
- cells are the basic unit of life
- all cells come from pre existing cells
what is a prokaryote cell
a simple unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria and archaea).
what is a eukaryote cell
A complex cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plants, animals, fungi, and protists).
What is a nucleus
A membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
What is a ribosome
Small structures responsible for protein synthesis, found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
what is a mitochondria
Organelles known as the “powerhouse of the cell,” responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.
What is adenine triphosphate
The main energy carrier in cells, used for various cellular processes.
what is cellular repiration
The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
What is chloroplast
An organelle in plant cells and some protists that conducts photosynthesis by converting light energy into chemical energy.
what is a chlorophyll
The green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
what is thylakoids
Flattened membrane sacs inside chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll and are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
What is photosynthesis
The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using sunlight.
what is endoplasmic reticulum
A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
what is rough er
Has ribosomes attached and helps with protein synthesis.
What is Smooth er
Lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
what is a lysosome
A membrane-bound organelle containing digestive enzymes that break down waste and cellular debris.
what is a vacule
A storage organelle that holds water, nutrients, or waste; large in plant cells and small in animal cells.
What is a cell wall
A rigid outer layer found in plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria that provides structural support and protection.
what is the surface area to volume ratio
A ratio that affects the efficiency of diffusion and transport in cells; smaller cells have a higher SA:V ratio, allowing faster exchange of materials.
what is a plasma membrane
A selectively permeable barrier made of a phospholipid bilayer that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
What is cholesterol
A lipid molecule in the plasma membrane that helps maintain membrane fluidity and stability.
what is a transport protein
A protein embedded in the plasma membrane that helps move substances across the membrane.
What is a protein channel
A type of transport protein that allows specific molecules to pass through the membrane via facilitated diffusion.
what is a carrier protein
A transport protein that changes shape to move molecules across the membrane, either passively or actively.
what is a phospholipid layer
A molecule consisting of a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and two hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails that form the plasma membrane.
what is simple diffusion
The passive movement of molecules from a high to a low concentration without the need for energy or proteins.
what is facilitated diffusion
The passive movement of molecules across the membrane via transport proteins, moving from high to low concentration
what is osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration.
what is hypotonic
A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell, causing water to enter the cell and possibly leading to swelling or bursting.
what is hypertonic
A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water to leave the cell, leading to shrinkage.
what is isotonic
A solution with an equal solute concentration as the cell, resulting in no net water movement.
What is active transport
– The movement of molecules against the concentration gradient (low to high) using ATP and transport proteins.
What is bulk transport
The movement of large molecules or particles across the membrane via vesicles, requiring energy.
what is endocytosis
The process of engulfing substances into the cell.
exocytosis
The process of releasing substances out of the cell.
what do animal and plant cells not have in common
animal
centriloes
lysosome
plant
vacuole
cell wall
chloroplast
what is a centriole
organise microtubules (cytoskeleton)
