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Psychology 1-2 > AOS1 - Skills & Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

AOS1 - Skills & Developmental Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable you CHANGE

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2
Q

Dependant Variable

A

The variable you MEASURE

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

The prediction of the effect of the IV on the DV

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4
Q

Controlled variables

A

these should be EVERYTHING else in the experiment- and they should be kept the same.

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5
Q

Extraneous variables

A

anything other than the IV that could have an effect on the DV

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6
Q

Confounding variables

A

variables that ALREADY had an impact on your DV

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7
Q

Population

A

The group you are studying

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8
Q

Sample

A

who actually takes place in your experiment.

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9
Q

Random sampling

A

each person in the whole population has an equal chance of being selected to be in the experiment

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10
Q

Stratified sampling

A

you manipulate the sample so that one unique characteristic is represented in your sample

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11
Q

Convenience sampling

A

People are grabbed to take part because they are available

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12
Q

Random allocation

A

People are divided up randomly

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13
Q

Objective data

A

neutral in attitude. e.g temperature

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14
Q

Subjective Data

A

Opinion based. e.g how much you like school

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15
Q

Qualitative Data

A

descriptive data

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16
Q

Quantitative data

A

numerical, numbers, scales. e.g scale of 1 to 5

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17
Q

Primary Data

A

you collect it yourself

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18
Q

Secondary Data

A

You get the data from others.

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19
Q

Between-subjects

A

half the group is allocated to the control group, the other to the experimental group, then their results are compared

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20
Q

Within-subjects

A

the whole group does both the control and the experimental test.

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21
Q

Mixed-design

A

the experiment has some elements of between and some of within (e.g. sometimes measuring multiple variables at once, or having multiple test conditions)

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22
Q

Can I Watch (a) DVD
What does this stand for?

A

Confidentiality, Informed consent, withdrawal rights, deception, voluntary participation, debriefing.

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23
Q

Justice

A

the research doesn’t disadvantage any one group, being fair

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24
Q

Integrity

A

the results are published regardless of what the outcome is/ whether it refutes their aim.

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25
Non-maleficence
nobody should be harmed during the process.
26
Beneficence
the research benefits the world
27
Respect
the participants are acknowledged as having their own opinions/ goals.
28
Heredity Factors (definition)
transmission of characteristics from biological parents to their offspring via genes.
29
Environmental factors (definition)
The experiences, objects and events that we are exposed to in our lifetime.
30
Why are twin studies useful for comparing nature vs nurture in development?
Because twins are genetically similar, their environments can vary, allowing scientists to compare the impact of each factor.
31
3 psychological factors
- ways of thinking - emotions - resilience - stress
32
3 biological factors
- Sleep patterns - age - genes
33
3 social factors
-social media - access to healthcare - access to social support - Employment history
34
Resilience
bouncing back from life's stressors, being able to use strategies to cope with stressful events or setbacks.
35
Three D's
Distress Dysfunction Deviance - inconsistent behaviours compared to society
36
# What did they do? Emotional Development theorists | (attachment)
John Bowlby - a child has a need to attach to one main attachment figure. Harry Harlow - tests on rhesus monkeys (comfort vs food) Mary Ainsworth - secure, resistant and avoidant attachment.
37
Social Development theorist
Erik Erkinson - we face a psychological dilemma at each stage of life
38
Cognitive development theorist
Jean Piaget - he believed that all people go through a series of developmental phases in order.
39
Concrete thinking
thinking about things which can be sensed. e.g touch, taste
40
Symbolic thinking
thinking about things that aren't present and representing them symbolically using words, gestures, numbers etc.
41
Cognitive development
how thinking processes change over time.
42
4 stages of cognitive development (Piaget)
Sensorimotor (0-2 years) Pre-Operational (2-7 years) Concrete Operational (7-12 years) Formal Operational (12+ years)
43
Attachment Theory
the psychological theory that attachments formed in infancy, have a huge influence on a persons emotional development through life.
44
Critical periods
specific time when the brain is particularly receptive to acquiring a skill or knowledge.
45
Sensitive periods
Time of rapid change, where the brain is more likely to strengthen important connections and eliminate unneeded ones.
46
Typical behaviour
what is expected, normal or acceptable for a situation
47
Atypical behaviour
Things that deviate from the expected/normal.
48
My Pet Cat Sews Socks
Maladaptive behaviour Personal distress Cultural perspectives Social norms Statistical rarity
49
Maladaptive behaviour
anything that is unhelpful, dysfunctional or non-productive to your life.
50
normality
patterns of behaviour that are typical and expected
51
abnormality
behaviours that are bizarre, atypical or out of the ordinary
52
neurotypicality
compares a standard brain or set of behaviours to one that is neurodiverse or unique in its processing.
53
neurodiversity
the variety of ways in which a brain functions. This can be outside of what is considered 'typical' or 'normal'.
54
adaptive
behaviours, emotional responses or cognitive processes that enable us to adjust and cope with our environment.
55
Maladaptive cognitions
cognitions/biases that make situations difficult e.g self-criticism, perfectionism.
56
Adaptive cognitions
ways of thinking that benefit us or help us cope with life. e.g resilient thinking, growth mindset
57
Theory of mind
ability to put yourself into someone else's perspective and make judgements about their mental state.
58
Executive function
the brain's ability to plan, focus attention and anticipate cause and effect.
59
Central coherence
a human's ability to derive overall meaning from a mass of details. taking in the big picture
60
Autism Spectrum Disorder
affects how a person perceives and interacts with the world. - challenge picking social clues - sensitive to light, noise, touch, smell
61
Dyscalculia
Affects ability to use maths skills - how they see numbers, trouble understanding
62
Dyslexia
Language processing difficulty. causes challenges with reading, writing and spelling.
63
Dyspraxia
Affects physical coordination - misperceived as clumsiness - affects fine and gross motor skill
64
ADHD
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder affects a person's ability to focus. it can cause inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness.
65
Tourette Syndrome
causes sudden, uncontrolled, repetitive muscle movements and sounds called 'tics'.

Psychology 1-2 (1 decks)

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