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psychology > AOS1 Sensation and perception > Flashcards

AOS1 Sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

what is perception

A

Perception is the way we interpret these sensations and therefore we make sense of everything around us.

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2
Q

list the 3 stages of sensation

A

reception -> transduction -> transmission

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3
Q

list the 3 stages of perception

A

selection -> organisation -> interpretation

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4
Q

what is reception?

A

reception is the process in which our sense organs receive information from our environment.

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5
Q

what is sensation?

A

sensation is the processing and sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound and smell. this information is then sent to our brains.

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6
Q

what is transduction?

A

Transduction is the process of converting sensory data into a new form which is sent along the neural pathways to the brain.

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7
Q

what is transmission?

A

Transmission is the process of sending electrochemical messages to the brain.

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8
Q

what is selection?

A

Selection is the process of focusing on certain sensory stimuli

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9
Q

what is interpretation?

A

Interpretation- the process of understanding and assigning meaning to sensory information.

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10
Q

what is organisation?

A

our brain organises information into meaningful groups

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11
Q

what is the process of sensation through to perception?

A

reception, transduction, transmission, selection, organisation and interpretation

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12
Q

what is reception in vision?

A

reception in vision is the eye receiving incoming light and focusing it onto the retina

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13
Q

what is transduction in vision?

A

Transduction is the conversion of electromagnetic light energy into electro chemical energy.

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14
Q

what is transmission in vision?

A

Transmission occurs along the optic nerve, sending information from the retina to the brain. (occipital lobe)

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15
Q

what is selection in vision?

A

Selection is choosing visual stimuli that are important.

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16
Q

what is organisation in vision?

A

The primary visula cortex analyses incoming messages

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17
Q

what is interpretation in vision?

A

interpretation- The brain recognises the object/ person as familiar.

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18
Q

what is reception in taste?

A

chemicals are dissolved in the saliva and the sensation is received by taste buds

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19
Q

what is transduction in taste?

A

The chemical energy is converted by
the receptors on the taste buds into
electrochemical nerve impulses.

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20
Q

what is transmission in taste?

A

the signal is sent to the brain (gustatory cortex in the parietal lobe)

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21
Q

what is the function of the retina?

A

A layer of light sensitive cells that detects images caught by the lens and the cornea.

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22
Q

what is the receptor for vision?

A

photo receptor cells or the rods and cones

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23
Q

what is the receptor for taste?

A

taste buds

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24
Q

what is the function of the cornea?

A

bends light that passes through, which is the first step in making an image.

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25
Q

what is the function of the pupil?

A

let’s light into the inner eye.

26
Q

what is the aqueous humour?

A

keeps the corneas rounded shape.

27
Q

what is the function of the vitreous humour?

A

gives the eyeball it’s shape.

28
Q

what is the function of the iris?

A

A muscle that controls how much light enters the eye.

29
Q

what is the function of the lens?

A

A flexible structure that changes shape to focus on close and distant objects. It is clear and makes an image on the retinas eye.

30
Q

what is the function of the sclera?

A

The white outer that covers the eyeball. It is thick and tough.

31
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve?

A

It is a bundle of nerve fibres. It takes information from the retina to the brain.

32
Q

what is the function of the rod cells?

A

Responsible for detecting light and converting it into neurochemical messages.

33
Q

what is the function of the blindspot?

A

the blindspot has no light sensitive cells. Its located where the optic nerve leaves the retina.

34
Q

what is the function of the fovea?

A

The area on the retina that contains the highest concentration of cone cells

35
Q

what is the function of cone cells?

A

Responsible for detecting light and transducing it into neurochemical messages.

36
Q

list the 5 gestalt principles

A

camouflage, figure ground, closure, similarity and proximity

37
Q

what is camouflage?

A

Camouflage –

blends into background

38
Q

what is similarity?

A

group together to provide a ‘whole’ single unit

eg. Rows of triangles and circles rather than individual

39
Q

what is proximity?

A

individual parts are close to each other we tend to

perceive them as ‘whole’

40
Q

what is figure ground?

A

our tendency to see some figures as being at the front of an image, i.e. the ‘foreground’, and others as falling back into the ‘background

41
Q

what is binocular depth cues?

A

visual information taken in by both eyes

42
Q

what is closure?

A

when we perceive an object as whole

despite it being incomplete

43
Q

what is depth perception?

A

the ability to accurately judge space and distance using cues and the environment

44
Q

what is monocular depth cues?

A

visual information taken in by one eye

45
Q

what is a gestalt principle?

A

gestalt principle are when we group together objects to help them make sense to us

46
Q

what are two binocular depth cues?

A

Binocular depth cues are retinal disparity and convergence.

47
Q

what is retinal disparity?

A

Retinal disparity is the difference between the images received by either eye. The closer the object is the greater the disparity (difference).

48
Q

what is convergence?

A

Convergence is when we view things up close, our eyes turn inwards and our eye muscles strain. the strain sends signals to the brain that something is close.

49
Q

what is one monocular depth cue?

A

a monocular depth cue is accommodation. Accommodation involves our eye muscles bulging and flattening according to how far away an object is. for a close up object our eye muscles bulge, and for an object in the distance they flatten.

50
Q

list the 5 pictorial depth cues

A

linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative size, height in the visual field

51
Q

what is linear perspective?

A

2 objects seem closer together as the distance from them increases.

52
Q

what is interposition?

A

Overlapping objects making one look further away than the other.

53
Q

what is texture gradient?

A

We can see more details in the items that appear closer to us, and it fades as it gets further away.

54
Q

what is relative size?

A

Objects that seem closer are bigger.

55
Q

what is height in the visual field?

A

The objects that seem bigger are further away from the horizon.

56
Q

what are the two perceptual constancies?

A

size and shape constancy

57
Q

what is size constancy?

A

Refers to the fact that we maintain a constant perception of an objects size even if the object moves nearer or farther away.

58
Q

what is shape constancy?

A

Refers to the fact that we can interpret and understand what an object is when viewed from any angle

59
Q

what is the muller-lyer illusion?

A

two lines appear different lengths but are actually the same lengths. There is no single explanation of the illusion that is satisfactory.

60
Q

what is the Ames room illusion?

A

The ames room illusion is , it makes a person look like they are growing larger. The room is a trapezone shape. We maintain shape constancy over size constancy. It has sloping floors and ceiling. We are only using minocular depth cues.

61
Q

what is perceptual set?

A

Your perceptual set is your mental tendency to perceive one thing but not another.

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