AOS1 chapter 4 Flashcards
what is smoking
tobacco smoking is the practice of inhaling tobacco smoke into the mouth and then releasing it
what is passive smoking
involuntarily inhaling smoke from other people’s tobacco products
what is vaping
relates to the use of e-cigarettes or vapes, which are battery powered devices that use an element to turn a liquid into an aerosol which is then inhaled into the lungs
what do we know about the long-term impacts of vaping
the long-term impacts are unknown, however any of the chemicals often found in vase are found in cigarettes
chemicals in vapes and cigarettes
nicotine and carcinogens
what is nicotine
a highly addictive chemical that has been shown to impair brain development in youth and can lead to poisoning and an increase in rates of anxiety and depression
what are carcinogens
chemicals that cause cancer
smoking and vaping impacts
- cardiovascular disease
- increased risk of infection
- cancer
- respiratory issues
- back pain
- prenatal and infant health outcomes
how does smoking and vaping cause cardiovascular disease
tobacco smoking reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood, contributing to increased blood pressure and heart rate
what health status indicator is associated with cardiovascular disease and smoking
mortality rates
how does smoking and vaping cause cancer
can cause a fault in body cells as they divide which can lead to a tutor and ultimately cancer - mainly in lung, mouth
how does smoking and vaping cause prenatal/infant health outcomes
reduces blood flow to the baby which reduces the amount of nutrients available for optimal development - may cause low birth weight or premature death
how does smoking and vaping cause asthma
risk is increased when exposed to tobacco smoke. asthma causes the muscles in the airways to tighten and the lining of the airways to become swollen, making it hard to breathe.
what health status indicators are associated with smoking and vaping
lower life expectancy, HALE
what is alcohol
a depressant drug - it slows down the messages travelling between the brain and the body and therefore impairs judgement and decisions made when under the influence
what does alcohol do
alters the brain and affects judgement and motor control
impact of alcohol
cancer, mental health issues, liver disease, injuries, overweight/obesity, prenatal/infant outcomes
how does alcohol effect overweight and obesity
alcohol contains kilojoules, which if aren’t burned off they are stored as adipose tissue which can increase risk of overweight/obesity
how does alcohol increase the risk of cancer
when alcohol is metabolised, a chemical is created that can damage DNA and lead to the growth of cancerous tumours.
how does alcohol increase the risk of liver disease
alcohol is filtered through the liver, and excessive consumption can cause inflammation and scarring of liver tissue.
how does alcohol cause injuries
- alcohol can change behaviours, putting a strain on relationships and increasing the risk of mental health issues such as depression, self-harm and suicide.
- people under the influence are also more likely to act impulsively
how does alcohol cause mental health issues
alcohol is a depressant drug which suppress the CNS and slows down the functioning of the brain which affects how we think and feel.
how does alcohol contribute to infant health outcomes
alcohol consumption while pregnant increases the risk of premature birth, low birth weight and FASD
health status indicators associated with alcohol
DALY, indicence, mortality
what is overweight and obesity
relates to carrying excess bodyweight that negatively impacts h+w
what is body mass index (BMI)
a statistical measure of body mass calculated by dividing weight (kg) by height (m2) - provides height to weight ratio
limitations of BMI
- does not distinguish between fat and muscle
- does not indicate where body fat is stored
impact of overweight and obesity
- cardiovascular disease
-cancer - type 2 diabetes
- osteoarthritis
- asthma
- mental health issues
- dementia
- maternal health outcomes
how does overweight and obesity cause cardiovascular disease
as there is a greater strain on the heart which increases the risk of hypertension, heart attack and stroke are likely to occur
how does overweight and obesity cause cancer
fat cells cause inflammation and a higher level of growth hormone being released which leads to higher rates of cell division, increasing the risk of one of these new cells being cancerous.
how does overweight and obesity cause type 2 diabetes
the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or the body cannot use the insulin effectively (insulin resistance)
how does overweight and obesity cause osteoarthritis
more pressure is put on joints which causes cartilage to be worn down, causing bone to rub on bone causing pain and limited mobility
how does overweight and obesity cause asthma
children that are overweight/obese have a greater risk of developing asthma compared to healthy children
how does overweight and obesity cause mental health issues
can lead to see esteem and body image issues
how does overweight and obesity cause dementia
damage to blood vessel may contribute to reduced blood flow to the brain causing dementia
how does overweight and obesity cause maternal health outcomes
causes pregnancy related issues including high blood pressure and gestational diabetes
health status indicators associated with overweight and obesity
morbidity, mortality
what is fibre
- a type of carb
- found in all foods of plant origin
- does not get absorbed by the body
- promotes feelings of fullness
what are the two types of fibre
- soluble: founding oats
- insoluble: doesn’t absorb moisture
impacts of underconsumption of fibre
- obesity and overweight
- colorectal cancer
- cardiovascular disease
- type 2 diabetes
how does low intake of fibre cause overweight and obesity
both types of fibre travel through the digestive system without being absorbed by the body which promotes fulness, meaning low intake of fibre can contribute to overeating - overweight and obesity
how does low intake of fibre cause colorectal cancer
fibre adds bulk to faeces and assists in keeping the digestive system clean, reducing the risk of abnormal cells developing.
how does low intake of fibre cause cardiovascular disease
soluble fibres attach to particles of LDL cholesterol and helps to excrete them. soluble fibres also help to decrease levels of cholesterol in the body
how does low intake of fibre cause type 2 diabetes
fibre reduces the absorption of glucose which is protective in relation to type 2 diabetes because it takes the pressure off the pancreas
what are fruit and veggies
nutrient dense, high in minerals and vitamins and low in kilojoules as well as high in fibre and antioxidants
impacts of underconsumption of fruit and veggies
- overweight and obesity
- cardiovascular disease
- neural tube defects
how does the underconsumption of fruit and veggies cause overweight and obesity
consuming fruit and veggies instead of energy dense foods can assist with weight management
how does the underconsumption of fruit and veggies cause cardiovascular disease
fruit and veggies are a source of antioxidants which work to reduce the impact of free radicals in the body which can damage body cells.
how does the underconsumption of fruit and veggies cause neural tube defects
nutrients in veggies such as folate, play a significant role in the development of the brain and spinal cord during the prenatal stage. underconsumption can cause the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida
health status indicators associated with the underconsumption of fruits and veggies
HALE, morbidity, mortality, infant and U5MR, YLL, YLD
why is it important for adolescent to consume dairy
adolescent years are critical for the deposition of calcium while bone growth and development is still occurring
impacts of underconsumption of dairy
- osteoporosis
- cardiovascular
- colorectal cancer
- type 2 diabetes
- dental caries
how does the underconsumption of dairy cause osteoporosis
calcium is essential for the strengthening of bones and the prevention of osteoporosis - a Bonne disease characterised by weak, porous bones that are susceptible
what are dairy foods and what are they rich in?
relate to animal milk and products created from animal products - cheese, yoghurt.
- rich in calcium, protein, vitamins and minerals
how does the underconsumption of dairy cause cardiovascular disease
increased risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and stroke
how does the underconsumption of dairy cause type 2 diabetes
consuming refined sugars and carbs instead of dairy may increase the risk of overweight young adults developing type 2 diabetes
how does the underconsumption of dairy cause colorectal cancer
people who regularly consume,e more than one serve of dairy products each day (particularly milk) have a reduced risk of developing colorectal cancer
how does the underconsumption of dairy cause dental caries
calcium hardens the tooth enamel meaning that teeth are not as strong as they should be
what health status indicators are associated with the underconsumption of dairy
morbidity, mortality, YLD, incidence
what are fats
- sometimes,es referred to as lipids
- 3 main functions: source of energy, provide projection to vital organs, provide insulin to assist with temperature regulation
what are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats
- healthier fats
- decrease LDL (bad) cholesterol and reduce atherosclerosis
- too much leads to body fat
what are saturated and trans fats
- unhealthy fats
- increase low density lipoprotein (LDL) (bad) cholesterol, which increases atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease
impacts of high intake of fat
- overweight and obesity
- cardiovascular disease
- type 2 diabetes
- colorectal cancer
how does high intake of fat cause overweight and obesity
all fats can be used as a fuel source for energy production and will contribute to weight gain if their energy provided is not used
how does high intake of fat cause cardiovascular disease
when there is to much LDL in the blood, it tends to be deposited on the walls of the blood vessels, giving the blood less room to travel to the cells causing the walls of the arteries hardening and becoming narrow - atherosclerosis
what is atherosclerosis
makes the heard work harder to pump blood around the body
how does high intake of fat cause colorectal cancer
diets high in fats can cause changes in the digestive system, that increase inflammation which can lead to increased cell division and cause cancer
how does high intake of sugar cause dental caries and disease
sugar provides a food source for bacteria in the mouth and these bacterias produce acids that cause decay of tooth enamel and the development on dental caries. - periodontitis can lead to loss of teeth
how does high intake of salt cause osteoporosis
excess sodium causes calcium to be excreted in the urine which can lead to demineralisation of bones - osteoporosis
how does high intake of fat cause type 2 diabetes
diets high in saturated and trans fats have been shown to change the composition of cell membranes which can interfere with the transport of glucose regulation and the risk of type 2 diabetes.
what health status indicators are associated with high intake of fat
lower life expectancy, HALE, increases morbidity, mortality, and burden of disease
what is salt
- one of the main components of salt is sodium which is required for optimal human functioning, but too much can contribute to negative health outcomes
impacts of high intake of salt
- hypertension
- cardiovascular disease
- osteoporosis
what health status indicators are associated with high intake of sugar
morbidity, mortality, incidence, YLD, prevalence
how does high intake of salt cause cardiovascular disease
increased blood volume and hypertension force the heart to work harder and heart failure can occur if the heart cannot keep up with the demand of the body
how does high intake of sugar cause overweight and obesity
sugars are required for energy but if too much is consumed, it is stored as adipose (fat) tissue which overtime can lead to weight gain
how does high intake of salt cause hypertension
increased sodium levels in the body result in excess fluid being withdrawn from the cells in the body leading to increased blood volume - places an added strain on the heart as it has to work harder to pup blood around the body - increases blood pressure and rates of hypertension
what health status indicators are associated with high intake of salt
lower life expectancy, HALE, incidence, YLD, morbidity, mortality
what is sugar
- type of carb
- is found naturally in some foods such as fruits
- added to many processed foods such as lollies
impacts of high intake of sugar
- overweight and obesity
- dental caries and disease
what are biological factors
factors relating to the body that impact h+w such as genetics, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels and birth weight
body weight as a biological factor
obesity increases the chance of developing high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol and impaired glucose regulation
what is the impact of body weight on health status
- places a strain on heart, increasing blood pressure, leading to hypertension which increases incidence of heart attack and possibly mortality
- causes greater strains on joints of bones causing prevalence of osteoporosis
what is the impact of body weight on h+w
- social exclusion and discrimination leads to low self-esteem (mental h+w)
- more likely to avoid certain social activities impacting quality of relationships (social h+w)
- excess pressure on joints causing pain (physical h+w)
age as a biological factor
after reaching tie peak age at mid 20s-30s, body system begin to decline
what is the impact of age on health status
- incidence and prevalence increase of many conditions such as hearing loss, back/neck pain, osteoarthritis, diabetes, depression, dementia
what is the impact of age on h+w
- decreased levels of fitness capacity leads to the inability to complete activities (physical h+w)
- people with conditions may find it hard to maintain relationships (social h+w)
- negative thought patterns caused by disease (mental h+w)
blood pressure as a biological factor
as blood circulates around the body through blood vessels, it applies pressure to the blood vessel walls. as the heart contracts and the blood is pushed around the body, this pressure increases
what is the impact of blood pressure on health status
- hypertension poses the risk of heart attack/stroke causing mortality and low life expectancy
what is the impact of blood pressure on h+w
- unmanaged hypertension causes pain (physical h+w)
- levels of stress and anxiety risk knowing the risks (mental h+w)
genetics as a biological factor
genetic material controls many aspects of life such as sex, body type, hormone production and aspects of personality
what is genetic predisposition
having an increased risk to a certain condition
what is the impact of genetics on health status
- females have a higher prevalence of breast cancer compared to males
- males are more likely to engage in risk taking behaviours due to levels of testosterone causing injury and increasing mortality
- genetic predisposition-morbidity
what is the impact of genetics on h+w
- immune functioning is effected by genetics causing people to get sick (physical h+w)
- some people are goal driven due to genetics, leading them to having a sense of purpose (spiritual h+w)
socioeconomic status as a sociocultural factor
- refers to a persons position in society relative to other people based on income, occupation and education
what are sociocultural factors
factors relating to the social cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age
- por sociocultural conditions=poor health outcomes
income (SES)
influences people’s ability to access resources such as food, healthcare, housing, education, transport
- helps people maintain a healthy body weight, prevent disease, stay socially connected which reduces morbidity and mortality rates
occupation (SES)
some occupations increase risk of injuries, obesity and less physical activity increasing mortality and morbidity
education (SES)
people who are educated are more likely to be health literate which is the degree to which individuals have the ability to obtain, process and understand health information which ormolus health status
what is the impact of SES on health status
- lack of resources impacts body weight, disease and health care which increases morbidity and mortality
- dangerous occupations which can increase the incidence of injuries and mortality
what is the impact of SES on h+w
- adequate income decreases financial stress (mental h+w)
- income allows people to engage in social activities (social h+w)
- affording healthcare (physical h+w)
- people with more prestigious jobs have more control in their life (emotional h+w)
- people with a fulfilling occupation may feel purpose in life (spiritual h+w)
employment status as a sociocultural factor
employment refers to whether a person has a job or not
impact of employment status on health status
- people who are unemployed may not be able to afford healthcare, decreasing life expectancy when diseases are left untreated
impact of employment status on h+w
- an employee concerned about job security may have increased levels of stress and anxiety (mental h+w)
- lack of direction and no sense of belonging (spiritual h+w)
social networks and social exclusion as a sociocultural factor
what are social networks
relate to the bonds between an individual and their family and peer group, and the ability to participate in the society in which they live in
what is social exclusion
refers ti the segregation that people experience if they are not adequately participating in the society in which they live - caused by risk taking behaviours, disability, low income, homelessness
what is the impact of social networks/exclusions on health status
social exclusion leads to risk taking behaviours (smoking, alcohol), increasing prevalence of spume conditions
what is the impact of social networks/exclusions on h+w
strong social networks can act as avenues for people to express emotions and get support (emotional and mental h+w)
social isolation and loneliness as a sociocultural factor
refers to not being in regular contact with others (social isolation)
loneliness is subjective concept that relates to the negative feelings that people often experience when they have less contact than they like
how does social isolation and loneliness impact health status
mental illnesses can occur like depression, which often lead to suicide increasing mortality
how does social isolation and loneliness impact h+w
regular contact allows for socialisation (all dimensions)
cultural background as a sociocultural factor
relates to customs, ideas, values and traditions of a particular society that are passed through generations
what are cultural backgrounds that effect health outcomes
gender stereotypes, food intake, attitudes and beliefs
how does cultural background impact health status
- language barriers can isolate people from the healthcare system meaning conditions undiagnosed increasing morbidity and mortality rates
- media presents women in a way that has contributed to increasing rates of eating disorders, increasing prevalence
how does cultural background impact h+w
- women who provide full time care for children may experience social isolation and stress (mental h+w)
- aboriginal and torres strait islanders peoples may feel disconnected (spiritual h+w)
food security as a sociocultural factor
the quality, availability and affordability of the food supply all affect what people eat
what is a shortage of food products called
food insecurity
how does food security impact health status
a lack of finance can lead to inability to afford nutritious foods causing obesity and cardiovascular disease, increasing morbidity and mortality
how does food security impact h+w
- immune system function may be impaired if diet lacks essential nutrients which increases risk of disease (physical h+w)
- if an individual is unsure where their next meal is coming from they may be stressed (mental h+w)
early life experiences as a sociocultural factor
experiences help shape each individual, their outlook on life and the behaviours they engage in throughout their lives
how does early life experiences impact health status
- maternal tobacco use reduces the amount of oxygen that crosses the placenta, contributing to low birth weights and increasing infant mortality rates
- underdeveloped immune and respiratory systems as a realist of maternal tobacco use increases incidence of infectious diseases
- alcohol-FASD-mortality
how does early life experiences impact h+w
- developing diseases as a result of low birth weight can cause stress and anxiety (mental h+w)
- maternal smoking, alcohol and stress contributes to low birth weight. if the respiratory system is impacted, the individual may find exercising difficult leading to lower levels of fitness (physical h+w)
- behavioural issues from FASD can contribute to poorer social connections (social h+w)
access to healthcare as a sociocultural factor
healthcare refers to services that promote and preserve h+w
how does access to healthcare impact health status
- people who are unable to access healthcare may have conditions go undiagnosed which increases mortality rates and causes lower life expectancy
how does access to healthcare impact h+w
- increased stress if conditions interfere wth daily life (mental h+w)
- increased levels of pain (physical h+w)
commercial factors as a sociocultural factor
relate to the impact of the private sector has on consumption patterns of individuals and groups
what is the private sector
includes all non-government entities that generally work to make a profit
how does commercial factors impact health status
- exposure of air pollution can contribute to higher morbidity rates due to respiratory issues
- increased consumption of products such as alcohol and energy dense foods causes prevalence of type 2 diabetes and cancer mortality rates
how does commercial factors impact h+w
- industrial sites close to residential areas may increase air and noise pollution in the area which can cause stress (mental h+w)
- exposure to marketing techniques of dangerous/risky behaviours such as smoking, drinking, gambling at the expense of physical activity (physical and mental h+w)
what are environmental factors
factors relating to the physical features that surround us
housing as an environmental factor
- sanitation (removal of waste)
- sleeping conditions
- overcrowding
- pollutants
- security/safety
- social needs/interactions
- clean water and nutritious food
how does housing impact health status
- overcrowding: places added strain on bathrooms, kitchens etc causing unsanitary conditions which increases incidence of infectious disease
- pollutants: environmental tobacco smoke and dust may cause asthma, leading to higher incidence
– design and safety: if not maintained individuals are more at risk of injures, increasing mortality rate
how does housing impact h+w
- sleeping conditions should promote restful sleep, if not, energy levels are reduced (physical h+w)
- noise and overcrowding can create stress (mental h+w)
work environment as an environmental factor
two people with the same occupation can have different work environments
how does work environment impact health status
- outdoor workers may be exposed to UV which can cause skin cancer, increasing mortality
- dangerous working conditions that involve heavy machinery may cause injuries, increasing mortality
how does work environment impact h+w
- a work environment that has hazards may increase stress and anxiety (mental h+w)
- injuries caused at work (all dimensions)
urban design and infrastructure as an environmental factor
relates to the features and structures of the suburbs, towns, regions and cities in which people live
- includes geographical location and infrastructure
how does urban design and infrastructure impact health status (GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION)
- being close to supermarkets, shops and hospitals can decrease morbidity and mortality
- being near fast food outlets may increase the frequency people consume these products causing overweight/obesity, leading to a lower life expectancy
how does urban design and infrastructure impact health status (INFRASTRUCTURE)
- adequately maintained roads and traffic systems, decreases injuries and decreases morbidity and mortality
how does urban design and infrastructure impact h+w (GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION)
- if health services or hospitals are needed, family members often have to take time off work to get to these services which can increase stress (mental h+w)
- living far from resources such as school can decrease social interactions (social h+w)
how does urban design and infrastructure impact h+w (INFRASTRUCTURE)
- lack of transport prevents people from being able to get to places to promote their health (physical h+w)
climate and climate change as an environmental factor
climate relates to the ling - term wether patterns of a particular area and includes rainfall, temperature or any other conditions
how does climate and climate change impact health status
- droughts and floods can impact access to water, food and healthcare which increases morbidity and mortality rates
- events like floods and droughts take a long tome to recover from which increases the risk AND prevalence of mental health disorders
how does climate and climate change impact h+w
- extreme weather conditions increase stress and anxiety (mental h+w)
- houses can be destroyed due to floods and fires with limits availability of needed products or even expose people to smoke which can cause asthma (physical h+w)
