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Russian Revolution > AOS1 > Flashcards

AOS1 Flashcards

1
Q

Coronation of Tsar Nicholas II

A

26 November 1896

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2
Q

Russo-Japanese War

A

1904-1905

conflict in Asia

More than 10,000 russian sailors killed, Japan 690

Exacerbated existing problems of tsarist regime

Significant spark for uprisings in 1905

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3
Q

Bloody Sunday

A

9 January 1905

Poor working conditions, food and house shortages.

3 January Putilov Steel workers strike after 5 men sacked. Sympathetic strikes throughout St petersburg followed.

15,000 workers by 7 January. City had no electricity, newspapers and public areas closed on 8 January.

111, 000 marched

Petition signed by 135, 000 workers
Government reported 96 killed and 333 wounded.

Estimated 200 killed and 800 wounded

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4
Q

1905 revolution

A

January to October

Mutinies and strikes

Trotsky establishes the soviets

spontaneous peasant revolts in July, looting and burning estates, demanding for transfer of land to peasantry

September army troops mutiny and controlled a section of Trans-Siberian railway

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5
Q

October 1905

A

General widespread strikes paralysing the economy.

Began in st petersburg spreading to moscow.

Businesses, universities, railways, shops, banks closed. Economy halted.

Forced Tsar to react.

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6
Q

October Manifesto

A

26 October 1905

Tsar Nicholas submits to popular demand and creates the political body the Duma becoming a constitutional monarchy

Sergei Witte becomes prime minister, arrests entire soviet, Trotsky exiled to Siberia

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7
Q

Sergei Witte

A

industrialised russia

built trans siberian railway

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8
Q

Historian interpretation

A

Sheila Fitzpatrick argues the popular movements of 1905 were a very militant industrial working class

Orlando Figes argues after 1905 society had changed for good

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9
Q

1906-1911

A

Peter Stolypin

Prime Minister

strengthened Tsarist regime

limited power of the Dumas, strengthened the economy and eliminated revolutionary opposition

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10
Q

Fundamental State Laws

A

23 April 1906

Issued by the Tsar four days before the opening of the Duma

His reassertion of absolute authority rendered the Duma powerless.

‘Supreme Autocratic power belongs to the Emperor’

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11
Q

First Duma

A

April - July 1906

dismissed for its radical demands

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12
Q

Second Duma

A

February - June 1907

dismissed again for radical demands

some demands of both Dumas
Constitution, state, church and private land to peasants, universal free education, equality in the law and tax

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13
Q

Third Duma

A

1907 - 1912

served full five years, illegal changes to the electoral laws had ensured it was conservative with limited worker, peasant and national minority representatives.

no official influence over government decisions

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14
Q

Assassination of Stolypin

A

shot at a gala in Kiev

Nicholas stopped land and social reforms

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15
Q

Lena Goldfields massacre

A

4 April 1912

gold miners were massacred for striking for better working conditions

70% of workers had been injured

Demanded 30% increase in wage, decrease in fines, set prices on food in company shop.

soldiers fired on crowd 500 killed or wounded

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16
Q

Key strike statistic

A

strikes at low in 1910 47,000 participants.

More than 10,000 in St Petersburg in May 1912

1 337 000 went on strike in first half of 1914.

17
Q

Separation of bolsheviks and mensheviks

A

1912

18
Q

Russia enters WWI

A

1914

increased nationalistic fervour

Russian army was the largest in the world 13 million mobilised soldiers. More than Germany and Austria combined.

Majority were conscripted peasants with little training. Poor military leadership, critical lack of ammunition, supplies and organisation

In first 12 months more than 4 million men lost

By 1916 four and a half times more men captured than killed. Britain had five times more men killed than captured.

19
Q

Battle of Tannenberg

A

18 August

13 000 deaths, POW 100 000

20
Q

Battle of Masurian Lakes

A

2 September

Entire army unit surrounded and forced to surrender.

21
Q

Tsar takes command of the army

A

August 1915

He is blamed for the failing war effort

abandoned Petrograd

22
Q

Tsarina and Rasputin

A

1915-1916

Alexandra was German

conspiracies about the influence of Rasputin, an affair between the two and the Tsarina favouring pro-german policy

23
Q

Economic impacts of war

A

Cost 4.7 times the total government expenditure in 1913

Borrowed money from allied countries

October wages rose 50% but goods between 100% - 500%

fuel shortages heightened by freezing winter factories operated for limited periods or shut down

unemployment increased.

24
Q

social impacts of war

A

Violent resistance to conscription

Women lying on tracks

Anti war sentiment

25
Q

Wars impact on rev

A

Tsar lost loyalty of most sections of pop

Military failures lost faith of the army and conscripted families

Tsarina and Rasputin control of internal affairs disillusioned ruling elite and middle class intelligentsia.

Economic hardships made life unbearable for industrial workers, peasants and their families.

Discontent in old order was now targeted at Autocratic Tsarism itself.

26
Q

February revolution

A

23 February - 3 March

18 feb 20 000 workers locked out of Putilov steel works resulting in strikes of all the workers.

(Start of feb rev) 23 Feb international women’s day saw 90 000 women marching streets of Petrograd against lack of food and war

24 Feb - 200 000 workers were on strike. Cossacks patrolled but didn’t fire.

25 Feb 240 000 strikers. City comes to stand still. Public transport and newspapers stopped.

26 feb soldiers began to join strikes becoming dangerous revolts. Many tried to clear streets but several among crowds fired at police. Tsar ordered Duma to cease meeting. Rodzianko tried to pressures Tsar into action.

27 feb workers controlled entire city except winter palace, admiralty and telegraph installations.15 000 political prisoners and criminals released. Gvt records burnt. Rodzianko continues to pressure Tsar into action. 12 members of Duma refused to dissolve, formed a provisional committee. John Pollock, an English journalist estimated 40 000 soldiers had mutinied; others estimate 75 000.

28 Feb escalated to extreme violence. Police with machine guns and rifles positioned themselves at the top of high buildings. Provisional committee declares itself provisional gvt. Soldiers and workers formed the Petrograd Soviet.

27
Q

Provisional Government

A

28 February 1917

28
Q

Soviet Order No. 1

A

1 March 1917

military orders were only to be obeyed if approved by the Soviet. It affirmed that the Soviet had the real authority and control of Petrograd.

Tsar approves provisional government

29
Q

Abdication of the Tsar

A

2 March 1917

ended the 300 year Romanov Dynasty

30
Q

Reforms of the Provisional Government

A

Full amnesty of political and religious prisoners
Freedom of speech
Freedom of press
Freedom to strike and assemble in unions
Abolition of class, religious and national restrictions
Preparations for a vote
Okhrana replaced by people’s militia
Election of local councils

Gained power by default rather than being elected so weren’t very popular

31
Q

Lenins return and speech at Finland Station

A

3 April 1917

Calls for the overthrow of the provisional government. ‘Peace, land, bread!’

32
Q

Lenins April Thesis

A

4 April 1917

A second revolution was needed to overthrow the corrupt provisional government.

The soviet led by bolsheviks was the only possible form of government.

33
Q

June offensive

A

18-20 June 1917

Attempt to boost morale and unity in the army.

Organisation to country.

Kerensky’s failed attack on the Austrians and Germans. Fuelled Lenin’s arguments for withdrawing from the imperialist war.

20 000 casualties

Economic, social problems

Peasant uprisings took control of land.

Soldiers desertion.

34
Q

July days

A

This failed revolt seemingly signalled the end of the Bolshevik leadership and party, and the final victory of Kerensky and the Provisional Government.
568 factories closed down
104 000 were dismissed
Half a million protesters
Kerensky used royal troops to disperse protesters
Kerensky becomes prime minister.
Bolsheviks blamed for disturbances. Lenin escapes to finland.
Trotsky became a member of bolsheviks

35
Q

Kornilov Revolt

A

26 August 1917

Exposed provisional government’s weakness and lack of military support. Trotsky released from prison, earned great respect by forming the Red Guard to defend Petrograd against fear of Kornilov staging a coup.
Major turning point that allowed bolsheviks to regain power.
Kornilov warns of need to protect petrograd against advancing germans
Fear he was planning a coup
Bolsheviks released from prison trotsky forms red guard from 40 000 radical workers

36
Q

Return of Lenin

A

7 October 1917
The timing of, support and strategies for the October revolution were implemented through Lenin’s persuasion.
10 October Lenin persuades the congress of soviets that an armed insurrection was necessary.
Kerensky reacts, bolshevik newspaper shut down, wires cut to hq, women’s battalion and kadets sent to protect winter palace cossacks.

37
Q

Lynch

A

In October 1917 the Bolsheviks were pushing against an already open door.

38
Q

Darby

A

no WWI, no october revolution

Russian Revolution (2 decks)

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