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VCE > AOS 2 UNIT 3 > Flashcards

AOS 2 UNIT 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Custodianship?

A

The responsibility of taking care and protecting something.

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2
Q

What is Sovereignty??

A

a state or governing body that has full right to power or to govern itself.

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3
Q

What is “Terra Nullius”

A

land that is legally deemed to be unoccupied or uninhabited.

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4
Q

Was Sovereignty ever ceded.

A

No, after 1788, no formal war was fought between settlers and Indigenous peoples. Therefore, no nation was defeated formally so sovereignty over the land was never relinquished.

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5
Q

What did Eddie Mabo do?

A

overturned the legal doctrine of “Terra Nullius”, acknowledging the existence of Indigenous land rights based on traditional connections to the land.

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6
Q

When was the Mabo Case?

A

28, May 1992

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7
Q

What are the 3 Processes to Traditional Owners pursue to formal Recognition??

A
  • Native Title Determination
  • Victorian Recognition and Settlement Agreement
  • Becoming a Registered Aboriginal Party
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8
Q

What is Native Title Determination?

A

Native title determination involves recognition by the Federal or High Court that a groups’ rights continue from before European colonisation to the present day.

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9
Q

What does Native Title Allow?

A

To camp, hunt, fish, gather food, and teach law and custom on Country.

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10
Q

How do you initiate Native Title Determination?

A

To initiate a native title claim, an application is made to the federal court by traditional owners with reference to an area of public land/water.

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11
Q

What is the Victorian Recognition and Settlement Agreement?

A

The Traditional Owner Settlement Act 2010 provides a framework for the State and a Traditional Owner group to agree to a comprehensive settlement package.

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12
Q

What does Victorian Recognition and Settlement Agreement entail?

A
  • recognition as the named Traditional Owner group and their traditional rights over Country

-use certain natural resources, including for commercial purposes, and participate in natural resource management

-providing payments into the Victorian Traditional Owners Trust and/or payments to the Traditional Owner Group Entity

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13
Q

What are the “Steps to Formal Recognition”?

A

Right people, Right Country, Decision Making, Capability, Incorporation

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14
Q

What is the “Right People”?

A

Groups need to be inclusive and representative of all Traditional Owners with interests and rights to the country.

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15
Q

What is the “Right Country”?

A

Groups must demonstrate a connection to a defined area of country.

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16
Q

What is “Decision Making”?

A

Groups need to have agreed decision-making structures and processes in place.

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17
Q

What is “Capability”?

A

Groups need to have the organisation capability to manage legal responsibilities.

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18
Q

What is “Incorporation”?

A

Groups need to appoint a corporation to act for them.

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19
Q

What happens after the “Steps to Formal Recognition”?

A

Once the requirements of the first four steps above are met, Indigenous peoples organise together to form an incorporated group, this is known as a Land Council, Land and Water Council or Land and Sea Council.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of Registered Aboriginal Parties?

A

Registered Aboriginal Parties are responsible for managing all land, water and Aboriginal cultural heritage within their appointed areas.

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21
Q

Who is your local Registered Aboriginal Parties?

A

The Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation is the Registered Aboriginal Party for the Mornington Peninsula.

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22
Q

What are the responsibilities of the Registered Aboriginal Parties?

A
  • Traditional burning practices
  • Water management
  • Bush food and medicine
    identification and promotion
  • Sacred site identification and
    management
  • Consulting with landowners
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23
Q

Yorta Yorta Case

A

-Filed claim in 1994
-Fedr. Court dismissed in 1998.
-Appealed however High court came to the same conclusion.
-April 2022, did not participate in Victorian Treaty instead looked for recognition.

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24
Q

Why did the Federal Court dismiss the Yorta Yorta Case?

A

came to the conclusion that they did not maintain the necessary connection to their traditional Country.

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25
Q

What is Conservation?

A

Taking part in the practices that focuses on maintaining and improving the health of the environment.

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26
Q

What are Conservation Perceptions?

A

The perception is that nature need help and is something that we need to nurture in response to negative impacts on the environment.

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27
Q

What are Conservation Interactions?

A

Human efforts that are aimed to conserve the environment ex. restoration, habitat creation, track building, infrastructure, and maintenance. Traditional fires are also being integrated. Interaction can also be less hands on like guidelines and policies.

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28
Q

What are Conservation Perceptions?

A

Impacts are mainly positive due to the major benefits to the environment. However, it can be harmful as the building of infrastructure e.g. boardwalks can reduce the environment.

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29
Q

P.I.I for Penguin Parade

A

P- The land needs to be protected and nurtures.

I- Creation of nesting boxes for penguins.
- Creation of boardwalks.

I- Increase in local penguin’s numbers
- Minimizes impact visitors have on environment. Small amount of habitat loss

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30
Q

Where is the Penguin Parade?

A

Summerland’s

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31
Q

P.I.I for Koala Conservation

A

P- The land needs to be protected and nurtures.

I- Rehabilitating Koalas
Koala breeding programs

I- Increase Koala Population

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32
Q

Where is the Koala Conservation?

A

Rhyll’s

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33
Q

Perception for Barmah National Forest

A

The land needs to be protected and nurtures.

34
Q

Interaction for Barmah National Forest

A
  • water management to restore key components of the flood regime
  • Control of grazing and other impacts of the feral horse population
  • Continuation/expansion of current control programs for feral pigs and other introduced herbivores
  • Management of encroachment by exotic and native invasive plant species into the Moira grass plains.
35
Q

Impact for Barmah National Forest

A
  • The numbers of feral horse, feral pigs and other introduced herbivores are reducing
  • Encroachment of invasive wetland plants is under control
  • Active revegetation of Moira grass is successful.
36
Q

Perception for Murray–Darling Basin Plan

A

The land needs to be protected and nurtures.

37
Q

Interaction for Murray–Darling Basin Plan

A
  • limiting the amount of water we take from the Basin each year
  • giving water back to the environment to improve the health of our rivers and wetlands
  • infrastructure and programs to modernise how we save and manage our water efficiently.
38
Q

Impact for the Murray Darling Basin Plan

A
  • increased carbon and nutrient sources for native plants and animals
  • increased population of native fish
  • increased nesting of endangered water birds, which help to pollinate plants and control insects
39
Q

What is Recreation?

A

Recreation is active or passive activities that provide fun, relaxation, enjoyment or fitness in an outdoor environment.

40
Q

What are Recreation Perceptions?

A

outdoors can be perceived as a playground or venue that is there to be used for fun and adventure. It can also be that of more of a respect for and appreciation of the environment.

41
Q

What are Recreation Interactions?

A

Recreation Interaction include any activities a person does outdoors for leisure.
Ex- Surfing, Hiking, Boating, Bird watching, Rock climbing.

42
Q

What are Recreation Impacts?

A

negatives such as venues that are altered or under continual pressure from regular use.

However, with regular use people gain appreciation and learn to stay on walking tracks and not interfering with wildlife in order to keep the environment in a healthy state.

43
Q

P.I.I Smiths Beach

A

P -Environment offers an opportunity for fun and adventure

I- Surfing

I-Loss of biodiversity due to creation of walking paths down to beach
- Loss of habitat due to infrastructure (Toilet blocks)
- Greater appreciation of environment leading to care and protection

44
Q

P.I.I Bird Watching Cape Woolamai

A

P- Environment offers an opportunity for fun and adventure.

I- Bird Watching

I- Loss of biodiversity due to creation of walking paths
- Greater appreciation of environment leading to care and protection

45
Q

P.I.I Murray River Canoeing Journey

A

P- Environment offers an opportunity for fun and adventure.

I- Canoeing and Camping from Barmah to Echuca

I- Campfire scars
- Breakage and dislodgement of rock and other formations

46
Q

P.I.I Murray River Bird Watching

A

P- Environment offers an opportunity for fun and adventure.

I- Bird Watching

I- Loss of biodiversity due to creation of walking paths
- Greater appreciation of environment leading to care and protection

47
Q

P.I.I Murray River 4WD

A

P- Environment offers an opportunity for fun and adventure.

I- Four Wheel Driving

I- Damage to, or inappropriate behaviour in, cultural sites
- Noise pollution
- Disturbance to the local vegetation by trampling and breakage
- Compaction of soil and other deposits
- Disturbance of fauna

48
Q

What is Economics?

A

Economic relationships describe any instance where a person’s motivation to be in the outdoor environment is linked directly to an economic benefit to themselves or others.

49
Q

Economics Example

A
  • Growing something from the environment to be sold (Farming and agriculture)
  • Digging something from the Earth to be sold (Mining)
  • Harvesting native forests to be sold (Logging)
  • Providing tourism services to access recreation, views or activities for profit
50
Q

What are Economic Perceptions?

A
  • The environment is perceived as a resource to provide for human needs to be sold. The perception is that nature is here for us to use for our own benefit.
  • There is a grey area within this relationship as although the perception is seen as a resource, there are many aspects of conservation and sustainability linked within certain interactions
51
Q

What are Heavy Resource Economics Interaction?

A
  • These kinds of interactions have a heavy resource focus in which there is no care for the environment, rather a sole focus on providing a profit
52
Q

What are Economics Sustainability Interaction?

A

These interactions still have a primary focus of making a profit, however the practices incorporate sustainability and a care for the environment in order to successfully maintain the activity.

53
Q

What are Economic Impacts?

A

Interactions such as mining have large scale negative impacts such as altering of landscapes and habitat loss.

Interaction involving sustainable practice have minimal impact as the environment is taken into. account.

54
Q

P.I.I Ripple and Tonic

A

P- The environment provides an income but also needs to be cared for in order to maintain income.

I- Sustainable farming practices
- initiatives such as tree planting

I- Low level habitat loss for creating of farming paddocks.
- Soil compaction due to hard hooved animals
- Increase in habitat

55
Q

P.I.I Surf Kayaking Cat Bay

A

P- The environment provides an income but also needs to be cared for in order to maintain income.

I- Taking paying groups surf kayaking.

I- Pressure on localised habitat due to group size
- Greater appreciation of environment leading to care and protection

56
Q

P.I.I Cape Horn Vineyard

A

P- The environment providesan income but also needs tobe cared forin order tomaintain income.

I- Sustainable farmingpractices
- initiatives such as treeplanting
- Tourism activities such as cellar doors and restaurants

I- Low level habitat loss forcreating of farmingpaddocks.
- Soil compaction due to machinery
- Increase in habitat

57
Q

P.I.I Echuca Port

A

P- Outdoor environments provide the materials for making money.

I- Educational tours
Paddle steamer tours/hire
Functions

I- Pollution relating to use primarily from dumping industrial or possible other substances, food scraps and general rubbish and possible oil and petrol spills along with effluent.
- Erosion to banks and soil

58
Q

P.I.I

A

P- The environment providesan income but also needs tobe cared forin order tomaintain income.

I- Taking paying groups canoeing

I- Pressure on localised habitatdue to group size
- Greater appreciation ofenvironment leading to careand protection
- Pollution with foreign matter (human waste, rubbish, soap, detergent, creams)
- Damage to, or inappropriate behaviour in, cultural sites
- Graffiti

59
Q

What is a Conflict of Interest?

A

A conflict of interest is when two groups have opposing views about how natural environments should be used.
It involves:
- An outdoor environment involved
- A contentious issue over its use
- At least 2 groups with different interactions
- At least 2 groups with opposing perceptions

60
Q

What is an Interest Groups/ Stakeholders?

A

When conflicts arise individuals with similar values may form an ‘interest group’ with the aim of promoting their views about the issue

61
Q

What is the goal of Methods?

A

To be used effectively to influence decision-making processes about outdoor environments are many and varied. Effective methods often depend on what decision-making process is being applied to the particular conflict and the parties involved.

62
Q

What Methods are Non-violent protest and persuasion?

A
  • Formal petitions
  • public campaigns including meetings and information evenings
  • street protests
  • media-based activism
63
Q

What are advantages of Non-violent protest and persuasion?

A
  • Petitions are easy to conduct and gain a lot of support
  • Online petitions can reach a high number of people and gain awareness of an issue
  • Shows the level of support on the issue
  • Clear message and information can be sent to a large number of people through media
64
Q

What are disadvantages of Non-violent protest and persuasion?

A
  • People sign petitions with little knowledge about the issue, so petitions have little impact unless numbers of signatures are high
  • Meetings are often poorly attended
  • Interviews are hard to organise
  • Advertising is very expensive
65
Q

What Methods involve Non-Cooperation?

A
  • Strikes
  • boycotts of official processes
  • refusal of compensation
  • boycotts of companies and products
66
Q

What are advantages of Non-Cooperation?

A
  • Gains free media attention
  • Brings the issue to the public eye
  • Shows level of support
  • Can disrupt earnings of a company, encouraging a compromise
67
Q

What are disadvantages of Non-Cooperation?

A
  • Small groups may have little impact
  • May alienate groups in the community
  • Can require significant preparation and organization
  • Time-consuming and expensive
  • Opposing groups/companies may gather opposing evidence negating the work
68
Q

What Methods involve Non-violent intervention?

A
  • lawsuits
  • Blockade
  • Environmental Impact Association objections
  • alternative proposals
  • participative research
  • land occupation
  • referenda
  • hunger strikes/self-immolation
  • financial activism
69
Q

What are advantages of Non-violent intervention?

A
  • Conducted directly by individual/interest group
  • Ensures decision-makers have a clear understanding of your position
  • Scientific reports provide credibility to group’s position
  • Arguments for position can be clearly understood through reports
70
Q

What are disadvantages of Non-violent intervention?

A
  • Can be difficult to access decision-makers
  • Can be time-consuming
71
Q

What Methods involve Potentially violent actions?

A
  • property damage
  • sabotage
  • threats to use arms.
72
Q

What are advantages of Potentially violent actions?

A

Gains media attention

73
Q

What are disadvantages of Potentially violent actions?

A
  • May gain the wrong media attention
  • Illegal and dangerous
  • May risk the decision being made against its view due to poor behaviour
74
Q

What is a Decision-Making Process?

A

When a conflict occurs, a process must be used to form some kinds of compromise were both sides have the side heard. This is not always the case a one sides interest cannot be achieved.

75
Q

Explain Community consultation?

A

A consultative group can be formed or enlisted to consult interest groups, public and experts with specialised knowledge of the issue.

76
Q

What are the Advantages of Community Consultation?

A
  • It provides the opportunity for all views to be heard
  • Accurate information is gathered
  • It promotes the possibility for compromise between groups, creating a win–win situation
77
Q

What are the disadvantages of Community Consoltation?

A
  • It may be time-consuming and expensive, and may result in no agreement being found
  • It requires skilled and respected mediator (VEAC)
78
Q

Explain use of court system

A
  • The court system is used to clarify existing laws regarding the legal and appropriate use of an environment
  • It is often used when laws exist that relate to the conflict and need some clarification or interpretation
79
Q

What are the advantages of court system?

A
  • It results in a clear decision
  • An independent decision is made by courts
80
Q

What are the disadvantages of court system?

A
  • Court processes can be expensive and can take a long time
  • After a decision is made, government can change laws, creating more uncertainty
  • It creates a win–lose situation
81
Q
A

VCE (2 decks)

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