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Biology 2024 > AOS 2 Unit 1 - Functioning Systems > Flashcards

AOS 2 Unit 1 - Functioning Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is digestion?

A

The process in which large complex molecules (food) are broken down into simple substances that are able to move across the plasma membrane into the internal enviornment

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2
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion

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3
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Large pieces of food are broken down via chewing, muscular movement in stomach and bile in the small intensine

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4
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

enzymes speed up the breakdown of complex molecules into simple molecules. (Carbs into glucose, proteins into amino acids) so that aborsption can take place

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5
Q

What is the digestive system also known as?

A

The gastrointestinal tract

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6
Q

What are the 4 roles of digestion?

A

Ingestion, digestion, aborsption, and egestion

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7
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The taking in of nutrients and food. Food enters via the mouth and mechanical & chemical digestion occurs

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8
Q

What helps mechanical and chemical digestion in ingestion?

A

The molar teeth and the tongue help with mechanical digestion. The enzyme amylase is secreted from the salviary gland to help speed up the chemcial breakdown

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9
Q

What are salivary glands?

A

3 pairs of glands that produce saliva, disolving food so it can be tasted. They contain mucus to lubricate the mouth and food. Contains enzyme salivary amylase to begin chemical digestion

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10
Q

What happens in the mouth cavity?

A

mechanical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion by startch in saliva

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11
Q

What happens in the Pharynx?

A

The tongue pushes the food into the pharynx (back of mouth) to swallow

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12
Q

What does the oesophagus do?

A

Carries food from the mouth to the stomach

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13
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder. Bile emulsifies lipids in the small intestine. Detoxification, storage, metabolism, bile production and haemoglobin breakdown.

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14
Q

What does the stomach?

A

Mechanical digestion by churning and chemical and protein digestion. Temporary storage where food is mixed. Produces enzymes that are released into the small intestine via the duodenum

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15
Q

What does the gall bladder do?

A

Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine where bile emulfies lipids.

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16
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The first part of the small intestine

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17
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

Tranverse colon, ascending colon, and descending colon

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18
Q

WHat does the large intestine do?

A

final section where water and dissolved minerals are aborbed

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19
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

produces pancreatic juice containing enzymes for digesting proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. secretes hormones, regulating blood sugar.

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20
Q

what does the small intestine do?

A

Abopsrption of digested food.

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21
Q

What is the rectum?

A

The final part of large intestines in which faeces are formed

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22
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A communcation system that puts together information that coordinates body functions

23
Q

Glands of the endocrine system?

A

Posterior pituitary: hormone targeting kidneys.
Adrenal: adrenaline tragetting kidneys, liver & blood vessels. for FFF.
other one: cortisol

24
Q

What are peristals?

A

muscular contractions that enable movement along the digestive tract

25
Q

What is chewing?

A

breaking big bits of food into smaller ones in mouth

26
Q

WHat is churning?

A

In stomach, muscles physcially squeeze food

27
Q

What does absorbtion do?

A

molecules cross from digestive system into blood stream. In the small intestuone, it has villi to allow for large surface area for molecules to cross.

28
Q

What is egestion?

A

Aborb water and salts then compact undigested material to be stored than elimanted.

29
Q

WHat are recpetors?

A

the plac where hormones bind on traget cells

30
Q

what are target cells?

A

cell within protein recpetors that hormones bins to and which a response occurs

31
Q

What is the excretory system?

A

Water products are removed by the kidneys.

32
Q

What are the kidneys?

A

Bean shaped. Branch of aorta - renal artey brings blood containing water, blood proteins, red blood cells, amino acids & minerals dissolved in blood plasma to kidneys

33
Q

Function of kidneys?

A

To filter blood and remove waste

34
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Inside of the kidney. Renal arterty branches into millions of capillaries.

35
Q

Function of nephron?

A

Filerate moves to proximal tubule then loop of henle then distal tubule where reaborstipon takes place. all essential substances back to blood via active transport. More urea is passed from blood to filterate then heads to bladder

36
Q

What are tolerance limits?

A

Narrow limits in which the body must regulate their internal environments in

37
Q

what is homeostatis?

A

the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment within narrow limits, despite changes in external & internal environment

38
Q

what is a negative feedback loop?

A

a system of control in which, when a change is detected, a response occurs to counteract/reverse the stimiluis

39
Q

WHat is a stimilus?

A

singal that causes a response

40
Q

what is a receptor

A

structure that detects or recieves a stimulus

41
Q

what is an effector?

A

something that carries out response to a stimilus

42
Q

what is the response?

A

the result of a stimulus

43
Q

A nephron is:

A

the functional unit of the kidney where blood is filtered into urine

44
Q

WHere is glucose stored?

A

gluecose is stored incells as an insoluble glucose polymer called glycogen

45
Q

what is glucose?

A

glucose is a simple sugar. C6H12O6

46
Q

what is glycogen?

A

complex carbohydrate composed of long chains of glucose monomers

47
Q

what is the islets of langerhans?

A

endocrine tissue in the pancreas that measure blood glucose concentrations and releasetwo hormones; insulin from beta cells, and glucagon from alpha cells

48
Q

What do beta and aplha cells target

A

both target liver. insulin also targets skeletal muscle and other cells

49
Q

what is glucagon?

A

hormone that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose

50
Q

what is insulin?

A

hormone that stimulates the liver to convert glucose to glycogem

51
Q

what is hyperthryoidism?

A

an overactive thyraoid gland. causes include autoimmune diseas

52
Q

what is diabetes?

A

a failure in the regulation of glucose uptake by cells

53
Q

early signs of diabetes?

A

blurred vision, sweet smelling unrine/sweat, increased hunger, fatigue, increased thirst

54
Q

if diabetes goes untreated, what can happen?

A

death, damage to blood vessles, damage to kidneys

Biology 2024 (1 decks)

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