Aos 2 Overview Flashcards
Old Public Health
government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved nutrition, improved housing conditions and better work conditions
Establishment of government-funded water and sewage systems and better sanitation
Reduction in deaths from infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, typhoid and cholera
Quarantine laws
Prevented arrival and transmission of infectious diseases from other countries
Elimination of housing slums and introduction of better-quality housing
Reduced deaths from respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and infectious diseases such as typhoid, cholera and diarrhoea
Improved food and nutrition
Widespread refrigeration which reduced need of use of harmful preservatives -> reducing stomach cancer
Establishment of public health campaigns
Addressed mortality and morbidity from tuberculosis and venereal disease
More hygienic birthing practices
Safe and hygienic birthing conditions with trained and registered midwives and doctors -> reduction in maternal and infant mortality rates
Provision of antenatal and infant welfare services
Better quality milk, increase in breastfeeding -> improvements in infant mortality rates
Biomedical approach to health
Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease
Biomedical Features
*Focuses on individuals who are ill
*Concerned with disease, illness and disability
*Relies on services provided by doctors, specialists and hospitals
*Quick fix approach
*Relies on technology to diagnose, treat and cure
Biomedical: +
+ Funding brings about improvements in technology and research
o X-rays, antibiotics, anaesthetics
+ Extends life expectancy
o Infectious diseases common in the past can now be treated/cured
Biomedical: -
- Professional health workers and technology is costly
o Cost of training and equipment - Every condition cannot be treated
o E.g cancer has treatments but no cure
New/Social public health
An approach that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health
*Involves intersectoral collaboration
Groups from many sectors, such as government, health and the private sector, working together to achieve a common goal
Addresses the broader determinants of health
oBehavioural factors such as tobacco smoking and a healthy diet
oGender, culture, race or ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographical location and physical environment
Empowers Individuals and communities
Individuals more likely to participate in healthy behaviours if they have a sense of power and control over their situation
Acts to reduce social inequities
Sociocultural factors that contribute to inequities in health status must be addressed
Acts to enable access to healthcare
Cultural and language barriers, economic and geographical factors, education levels -> healthcare being readily available to everyone
Social: +
+ More holistic approach to h+w
o Focus on more than just present diseases
+ Education can be passed on from generation to generation
o Promoting sustainable improvements in health status
Social: -
- Not every illness of condition can be prevented
o Some conditions (E.g genetic conditions) can be difficult to prevent - Health promotion messages may be ignored
o Relies on public cooperation -> people may choose to ignore
OCHP
An approach to health developed by WHO that aims to reduce inequities in health. Reflects social model of health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health status, all of which are centred around three strategies for health promotion which are enabling, mediating and advocacy.
Build health public policy
decisions made by government and organisations regarding laws and policies that make it more difficult for people to undertake unhealthy behaviours and seek to make healthier choices the easier choices
o GST removal on unprocessed foods
Create supportive environments
recognises the impact that broader determinants have and aims to promote a healthy physical and sociocultural environment for all members of the community that is safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable
o Quitline
Strengthen community action
building links between individuals and community, centres around the community working together to achieve a common goal
o Immunisation strategy
Develop personal skills
gaining health-related knowledge and skills that allow people to make informed decisions that may indirectly affect health and wellbeing
o A community health centre running cooking classes
Reorient health services
changing the health system so that it promotes h+w rather than just focusing on diagnosing and treating illness
o Doctors focusing discussion around healthy eating rather than just medication
Medicare
Australia’s universal health insurance scheme, administrated by the Federal Government. Giving all Australians access to subsidised healthcare.
Schedule Fee
the amount Medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments; the government decide what each item is worth and that’s what Medicare pays
Patient co-payments
the payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government
Bulk-billed
when the doctor charged only the schedule fee, the payment is claimed directly from Medicare so there are no out-of-pocket expenses for the patient
Medicare Safety Net
extra financial assistance for those that incur significant out-of-pocket costs for Medicare services
Medicare covers
*Doctor and specialist consultations
*X-rays
*Dental services (some aged 2-7)
*Eye tests
*Pathology
*Fee-free treatment and accommodation in public hospitals
*Most Surgical treatments
*75% of schedule fee for treatment in a private hospital
Medicare does not cover
*Cosmetic/unnecessary surgeries
*Home nursing care/treatment
*Ambulance services
*Most allied health services
Medicare +
+ Available to all Australian citizens
+ Medicare Safety Net provides extra financial contributions for medical services once an individual/family payments reach a certain level
Medicare -
- No choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments
- Waiting lists for many treatments
PBS
Federal government provided lifesaving and disease-preventing medication to the community free of charge, providing essential medicines to people who need them, regardless of their ability to pay
NDIS
National insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers. Working to assist individuals with disabilities to live an ordinary life
Assertive tech
a device, system or design that allows an individual to perform a task that they would otherwise be unable to do, or increase the ease and safety with which a task can be performed
NDIS: Individualised plan
*Access mainstream services and supports
*Access community services and supports
*Maintain informal support arrangements
*Receive reasonable and necessary funded supports
PHI
: A type of insurance where members pay a premium in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare, it is an optimal form of health insurance that can be purchased in addition to Medicare
Private health insurance rebate
oIncome tested refund on premiums for PHI dependent on level of income
oIncreases affordability of PHI
Lifetime health cover
oPeople who take up PHI after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every year they are over the age of 30
oEncourages younger people to take up PHI and keep it for life
Medicare levy surcharge
oExtra tax calculated paid according to income
oEncourages high income earners to take out PHI
Age-based discount
oAllows for a 2% reduction in premiums each year that the person is aged under 30
oEncourages more people to take out PHI early and keep it for life
PHI +
+ Shorter waiting times
+ Incentives
PHI -
- Costly in terms of premiums
- Policies can be complex to understand and so create confusion for the average person
Sustainability
capacity to provide a workforce and infrastructure such as facilities and equipment into the future, and to be innovative and responsive to emerging needs through interventions such as research and monitoring
Access
Provide all people with timely access to quality health services based on their needs, not ability to pay, regardless of where they live in the country
Funding
Financial resources that are provided to keep the health system adequately staffed and resourced so a high level of care is available for those who need it
Equity
Achieving equality in access
Smoking: why
*Smoking is the leading preventable risk factor in Australia and contributes significantly to overall burden of disease by increasing risk of a number of conditions
*Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke also causes disease and premature death in adults and children who do not smoke
Smoking: BHPP
*Anti-smoking laws and taxes make not smoking the easier and healthy choice
Smoking: CSE
Quit for You, Quit for 2 -> Supportive environment -> fun exercises and games to keep users hands busy and beat cravings
Smoking: SCA
Aboriginal Quitline -> using Aboriginal quit specialists with additional training to assist people in a culturally appropriate way
Smoking: DPS
Quit for You, Quit for Two -> Develop personal skills -> practical quit tips and advice to quit smoking
Smoking: RHS
Quit -> free online training program for health professionals -> HP provide knowledge and skills relating to assisting smokers to quit
Ind: BHPP
Closing the Gap’ is an agreement between all levels of government and AATSI representatives to close the gap in life expectancy within a generation
IND: CSE
Aboriginal Quitline -> confidential support for AATSI
IND: SCA
Learn Earn Legend -> delivered by community leaders, sports stars and local community members whom young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people respect and aspire
IND: DPS
Learn Earn Legend -> supports AATSI to stay at school to develop literacy and numeracy personal skills
IND: RHS
Fitzroy Stars -> using health professionals to present weekly
ADG
A set of five guidelines developed to provide advice relating to the types and amounts of foods, food groups and dietary patterns that help Australians live a healthy life.
Guidelines
*Guideline 1: To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs
*Guideline 2: Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the following five groups every day and drink plenty of water
*Guideline 3: Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol
*Guideline 4: Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding
*Guideline 5: Care for your food; prepare and store it safely
AGTHE
A visual circular food selection tool incorporated into the ADG, intended to be used by consumers to assist them in planning, selecting and consuming adequate proportions of foods from the five food groups
o Grain foods
o Vegetables and legumes/beans
o Meats and meat alternatives
o Fruit
o Milk and other dairy products or alternatives¬
NA
acts to promote healthy eating by providing the latest information on nutrition research, and current food and health and wellbeing trends
NA HELP
- recipes
- staff training
- understanding food labels
- seminars
HEP
A simple visual guide in the form of a pyramid displaying the types and proportion of foods that individuals should eat every day for good health and wellbeing based on the ADG
