A.O.S. 2 - Formal Language Flashcards
❓❓❓list all the Phonological Patterning features
- rhyme
- alliteration
- consonance
- onomatopoeia
- rhythm
- assonance
☀️☀️☀️PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNING
- memory aid: RACORA
- each pattern had a distinct effect
- E.g. Rhythm and alliteration in speech can make an argument more persuasive and memorable
- E.g. Combinations of onomatopoeia, assonance and consonance can create evocative imagery, and entertain and engage an audience
☀️☀️☀️RHYTHM (phonological patterning)
=the process by which the intonation of a set of words is repeated across two or more phrases, clauses, or sentences
- can occur naturally in spoken speech (can be seen in listing and parallelism)
- deliberate in prepared speeches (engages audience, provides memorable quotes, dramatic effect)
- e.g. Written in poems and songs
- e.g. “I like the long ones, the short ones, the tall ones, the small ones”
☀️☀️☀ALLITERATION (phonological patterning)
=the appearance of similar sounds (phonemes) at the beginning of words in a phrase, clause, or sentence
- ONLY at the start
- e.g. Sally Sells Seashells by the Seashore (only sound, not spelling)
☀️☀️☀CONSONANCE (phonological patterning)
=the repetition of consonantal sounds at syllable final boundaries
- anywhere EXCEPT start
- e.g. “ odds and ends”, “short and sweet”
☀️☀️☀️ONOMATOPOEIA (phonological patterning)
=the process by which words are created from the sounds they represent
- used in poetry
- creates imagery
- e.g. “I was smack bang in the middle of the road” (connotative sense that the subject is exactly in the centre of the middle of the road)
☀️☀️☀️RHYME (phonological patterning)
- the repetition of similar sounds in two or more words
- assonance + consonance
- used in poetry and song, prepared speeches, ‘catch phrases’, advertising
- e.g. Beans meanz Heinz, nothing sucks like an Electrolux, fail whale
☀️☀️☀️ASSONANCE (phonological patterning)
- occurs when similar phonemes appear WITHIN phrases, clauses, or sentences
- NEVER at the beginning
- ONLY vowel sounds
- e.g. I’m going to scAtter and pAtter your nAtty pAt of bAtter
❓❓❓list all the syntactic patterning features
PAL
- parallelism
- antithesis
- listing
☀️☀️☀️PARALLELISM (syntactic patterning)
- where phrases with the same syntactic pattern are placed near or next to each other
- same word class, same position
- e.g. “We offered N our neighbours a hand, we offered the wounded our blood.”
- e.g. ‘We cannot’ walk along. And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always March ahead. ‘We cannot’ turn back
-promotes rhythm
☀️☀️☀️ANTITHESIS (syntactic patterning)
- a type of parallelism where two opposing ideas are set in parallel
- evokes clear contrast to provide unusual or vivid imagery
- emotive/empathetic effect
- e.g. “It was the best of times, it was the worst of time”
- e.g. “To err is human, to forgive is divine”
☀️☀️☀️LISTING (syntactic patterning)
- list of items separated by commas, semicolons, dot points, numbers etc
- concise and efficient method of delivering information
❓❓❓list all the features of morphological patterning
6-C ABBAS DIN
- conversion of word class
- creative word formation
- collocation
- compounding
- contraction
- commonisation
- archaism
- blending
- borrowing
- acronym
- shortening
- diminutive
- initialism
- neologism
☀️☀️☀️CONVERSION OF WORD CLASS (morphological patterning)
- converting a word from one word class into another
- e.g. She totalled hand bagged me (noun to verb)
☀️☀️☀️CREATIVE WORD FORMATION (morphological patterning)
- creation of a new word through any process
- needs to be deliberately used to create a particular effect (e.g. create imagery, explain/define a concept, evoke feelings or emotions)
☀️☀️☀COMMONISATION (morphological patterning)
-the process by which a specific legend (usually proper noun) comes to be used in a more general sense
-occurs through the generalisation of an eponym
E.g. Panafon, aspirin, escalator, Google, Photoshop
☀️☀️☀️COLLOCATION (morphological patterning)
-words associated within sentences and phrases E.g. Raining 'cats' and 'dogs' E.g. 'Safe' and 'sound' E.g. 'Dark' and 'stormy night' E.g. 'Pouring' 'rain'
- always in pairs
- if frequently used, can become fixed phrases
- many fixed phrases become Chichester
☀️☀️☀️COMPOUNDING (morphological patterning)
-joining of two words to create a new, single word
E.g. Newspaper, download, hotspot
-can be joined with no spaces, of hyphens
-hyphenation: kiss-on-the-cheek-affection
☀️☀️☀CONTRACTION ( morphological patterning)
- when two words are compounded, but one (or both) words are shortened and an apostrophe is inserted to mark the missing letters
- a marker of reduced formality, Afro to represent phonological, processes in orthography
☀️☀️☀️ARCHAISM (morphological patterning)
-words that are no in common use and are considered obsolete
-can be repurposed to gain new meanings and connotations
E.g. Wireless, dashboard, dial tone, hang up
☀️☀️☀️BORROWING (morphological patterning)
- words that have been taken from our languages and incorporated into English
- usually in specialised fields
- e.g. Code switching
- e.g. Allegro, lento, Latin spells in Harry Potter
☀️☀️☀️BLEND (morphological patterning)
-when two words are compounded but only some of each words is used
-create imagery
E.g. Blog = web and log
☀️☀️☀️ACRONYM (morphological patterning)
-pronounceable words created from the initials of their representative phrase
E.g. Nab, quanta, Anzac, seal
-formal language= efficient communication of ideas (jargon)
-informal language= agreed upon meanings to be conveyed quickly, excluding others
☀️☀️☀️SHORTENING (morphological patterning)
- truncated words (no morphological addition)
- e.g. Uni, exam, flu
☀️☀️☀️DIMINUTIVES (morphological patterning)
-shortenings that have had a morpheme added to the end
E.g. Barbie, maccas, mozzie, sparky, bookie
☀️☀️☀️INITIALISM (morphological patterning)
-non pronounceable initials created form their representative phrase
E.g. IBM, QED, VCE
☀️☀️☀️NEOLOGISM (morphological patterning)
-new words to represent concepts that did not previously have a legend associated with them
-frequently occurs with new inventions
-often shortening, diminutives, blends etc of older words that have been given a new context
E.g. Webinar (online seminar
E.g. App
E.g. Jargonista
❓❓❓list all the features of semantic patterning
MAIL POPS
- metaphor
- animation
- irony
- lexical ambiguity
- personification
- oxymoron
- pun
- simile
☀️☀️☀️METAPHOR (semantic patterning)
-where speakers use familiar areas of knowledge to understand an area of know,edge that is less familiar
E.g. My car is a lemon
☀️☀️☀️ANIMATION (semantic patterning)
-giving animalistic characteristic to inanimate objects and abstract ideas
-evokes imagery, intensifies an expression, create comparison
-can provide a metaphorical link or meaning to a concept that is new or needs description
E.f. The table kept out and slammed itself against my leg
☀️☀️☀️IRONY (semantic patterning)
-verbal irony= when a speaker says one thing and means another
E.g. Sarcasm
-ironic similes= a form of verbal irony where a speaker does intend to communicate the opposite of what they mean e.g. As clear as mud
-requires a cultural understanding
☀️☀️☀️LEXICAL AMBIGUITY (semantic patterning)
- when a less expensive has one or meanings in the given context
- manipulates an audience
- common in advertising
- e.g. New and improved, 50% better
☀️☀️☀️PUN (semantic patterning)
- when lexical ambiguity is manipulated for humorous purposes
- gets reader/listener’s attention
- common in newspaper headlines
- e.g. Otter devastation
☀️☀️☀️OXYMORON (semantic patterning)
-a phrase that combines two opposing lexical items together to create a new concept
E.g. Optimistic pessimist, living end, deafening silence, original copy
☀️☀️☀️PERSONIFICATION (semantic patterning)
-giving human characteristics, feelings and emotions to inanimate objects, abstract ideas, and non-humanoid animals
E.g. The cat stared at me in disgust
E.g. He sun smiled down on us
-intensifies an expression, evokes imagery, create a comparison
-provides a metaphorical, link or meaning to a concept that is new or needs description
☀️☀️☀️SIMILE (semantic patterning)
-direct comparisons through decorative meaning between one object and another
E.g. As tall as a giant
☀️☀️☀️COHESION AND COHERENCE
- coherence= how meanings and sequences of ideas relate to each other
- cohesion= the grammatical and lexical links fat link on part of a text to another
☀️☀️☀️COHERENCE
- when sentences, idea and details fit together clearly, readers can follow along easily, and the writing is coherent
- a coherent text is meaningful, unified and gives the impression of ‘hanging together’
- gives understandability
- can be supported by visual elements, Subheadings, headings, paragraphs etc
- reinforces field
❓❓❓list all features of coherence
CLIF-C
- consistency and conventions
- logical ordering
- inference
- formatting
-cohesion
☀️☀️☀️CONSISTENCY AND CONVENTIONS (coherence)
- repeated semantic patterning
- lexical choices form the same semantic field
- using dominant sentence types
- e.g. Dominate sentence types in recipes would be imperatives (dice onions)
☀️☀️☀️LOGICAL ORDERING (coherence)
-ensuring that the text is paid out in a way that makes sense to the text type
E.g. Teel, logical layouts
☀️☀️☀️INFERENCE (coherence)
- a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reason
- reached given the setting, context, field, register, function, mode, and relationship
- what foes unsaid but is still understood
☀️☀️☀️FORMATTING (coherence)
-layout of a text
E.g. Headings, subheadings, paragraphs, emoticons
-increases understandability
☀️☀️☀️COHESION
- reinforces coherence
- the glue that holds a piece of writhing together
- cohesive devices include transitional words and phrases
❓❓❓list all features of cohesion
RL SLICER
- repetition
- lexical choice
- substitution
- linking adverbs and conjunctions
- information flow
- collocation
- referencing
☀️☀️☀️REPETITION (cohesion)
-either words or phrases are directly repeated or synonyms are used
E.g. This little pig went to the market, this little pig stayed home
☀️☀️☀️LEXICAL CHOICE (cohesion)
SYNONYM
-the process where lexemes with very similar meanings are used to vary the language (avoids unnecessary repetition)
ANTONYM
-using an opposite term to provide contrasting ideas in ways that are cognitively simpler for the brain to process
HYPONYM
-conceptual subdivisions of the general categorisation (subordinates are general words)
E.g subordinate= dog, Hyponym= poodle, spaniel
-all reduces unnecessary repetition to support cohesion
☀️☀️☀️SUBSTITUTION (cohesion)
-one linguistic term is replaces by a shorter one (must occur in the second clause for the meaning to remain clear
E.G.
- Lucas loves toy trains and Lucas has two toy trains
- Lucas loves toy trains and has two of them
E.G.
- I’d like the vegetarian lasagne and salad
- I’d like the same
E.G.
- would you like a coffee?
- I’d love one
E.G.
-the poodle was large and the child was afraid of the dog
E.G.
-Julie likes swimming and Mark does too
E.G.
- I saw kill bill yesterday
- I did yesterday
E.G.
- it’s going to be sunny today
- they say so
E.G.
- I wonder if I need to buy a new ticket?
- the driver said not
☀️☀️☀️LINKING ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS (cohesion)
-joining words that provide links either within a sentence or within the larger context of the discourse
E.g. Firer more, besides, yet, however, because, since, while, the, after
-allow for cohesion to occur in regards to how phrases, clauses and sentences are glued together. without correct adverb/conjunction, cohesion is lost
☀️☀️☀️ELLIPSES (cohesion)
-removing words or phrases from an utterance, clause, sentence, especially is it is implied or unnecessary given the context
☀️☀️☀REFERRENCING (cohesion)
ANAPHORIC REFERENCE (anaphora) -the referent has appeared at an earlier point in the text (points backwards) E.g. 'The boy' broke the window and 'he' ran away
CATAPHORIC REFERENCE (cataphora)
-the referent has not appeared but will be provided subsequently (points forwards)
E.g. ‘This’ was the ‘life’: sitting in the sun
E.g. ‘These’ are ‘the words’ he used: “I can’t stand it”
DEICTICS (deixis)
-understanding of the referent requires contextual information external to the text
E.G.
-the queen visited ssc (quean Liz of England)
-the queen visited Leiden Uni (queen Beatrix or Netherlands)
**include things on ‘language varieties and functions’, ‘register’, ‘function and degrees and formality’, ‘formality andlinguistic features’
.
