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ENGLISH LANGUAGE UNIT 3 > A.O.S. 2 - Formal Language > Flashcards

A.O.S. 2 - Formal Language Flashcards

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1
Q

❓❓❓list all the Phonological Patterning features

A
  • rhyme
  • alliteration
  • consonance
  • onomatopoeia
  • rhythm
  • assonance
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2
Q

☀️☀️☀️PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNING

A
  • memory aid: RACORA
  • each pattern had a distinct effect
  • E.g. Rhythm and alliteration in speech can make an argument more persuasive and memorable
  • E.g. Combinations of onomatopoeia, assonance and consonance can create evocative imagery, and entertain and engage an audience
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3
Q

☀️☀️☀️RHYTHM (phonological patterning)

A

=the process by which the intonation of a set of words is repeated across two or more phrases, clauses, or sentences

  • can occur naturally in spoken speech (can be seen in listing and parallelism)
  • deliberate in prepared speeches (engages audience, provides memorable quotes, dramatic effect)
  • e.g. Written in poems and songs
  • e.g. “I like the long ones, the short ones, the tall ones, the small ones”
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4
Q

☀️☀️☀ALLITERATION (phonological patterning)

A

=the appearance of similar sounds (phonemes) at the beginning of words in a phrase, clause, or sentence

  • ONLY at the start
  • e.g. Sally Sells Seashells by the Seashore (only sound, not spelling)
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5
Q

☀️☀️☀CONSONANCE (phonological patterning)

A

=the repetition of consonantal sounds at syllable final boundaries

  • anywhere EXCEPT start
  • e.g. “ odds and ends”, “short and sweet”
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6
Q

☀️☀️☀️ONOMATOPOEIA (phonological patterning)

A

=the process by which words are created from the sounds they represent

  • used in poetry
  • creates imagery
  • e.g. “I was smack bang in the middle of the road” (connotative sense that the subject is exactly in the centre of the middle of the road)
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7
Q

☀️☀️☀️RHYME (phonological patterning)

A
  • the repetition of similar sounds in two or more words
  • assonance + consonance
  • used in poetry and song, prepared speeches, ‘catch phrases’, advertising
  • e.g. Beans meanz Heinz, nothing sucks like an Electrolux, fail whale
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8
Q

☀️☀️☀️ASSONANCE (phonological patterning)

A
  • occurs when similar phonemes appear WITHIN phrases, clauses, or sentences
  • NEVER at the beginning
  • ONLY vowel sounds
  • e.g. I’m going to scAtter and pAtter your nAtty pAt of bAtter
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9
Q

❓❓❓list all the syntactic patterning features

A

PAL

  • parallelism
  • antithesis
  • listing
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10
Q

☀️☀️☀️PARALLELISM (syntactic patterning)

A
  • where phrases with the same syntactic pattern are placed near or next to each other
  • same word class, same position
  • e.g. “We offered N our neighbours a hand, we offered the wounded our blood.”
  • e.g. ‘We cannot’ walk along. And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always March ahead. ‘We cannot’ turn back

-promotes rhythm

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11
Q

☀️☀️☀️ANTITHESIS (syntactic patterning)

A
  • a type of parallelism where two opposing ideas are set in parallel
  • evokes clear contrast to provide unusual or vivid imagery
  • emotive/empathetic effect
  • e.g. “It was the best of times, it was the worst of time”
  • e.g. “To err is human, to forgive is divine”
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12
Q

☀️☀️☀️LISTING (syntactic patterning)

A
  • list of items separated by commas, semicolons, dot points, numbers etc
  • concise and efficient method of delivering information
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13
Q

❓❓❓list all the features of morphological patterning

A

6-C ABBAS DIN

  • conversion of word class
  • creative word formation
  • collocation
  • compounding
  • contraction
  • commonisation
  • archaism
  • blending
  • borrowing
  • acronym
  • shortening
  • diminutive
  • initialism
  • neologism
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14
Q

☀️☀️☀️CONVERSION OF WORD CLASS (morphological patterning)

A
  • converting a word from one word class into another

- e.g. She totalled hand bagged me (noun to verb)

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15
Q

☀️☀️☀️CREATIVE WORD FORMATION (morphological patterning)

A
  • creation of a new word through any process
  • needs to be deliberately used to create a particular effect (e.g. create imagery, explain/define a concept, evoke feelings or emotions)
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16
Q

☀️☀️☀COMMONISATION (morphological patterning)

A

-the process by which a specific legend (usually proper noun) comes to be used in a more general sense
-occurs through the generalisation of an eponym
E.g. Panafon, aspirin, escalator, Google, Photoshop

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17
Q

☀️☀️☀️COLLOCATION (morphological patterning)

A 
-words associated within sentences and phrases
E.g. Raining 'cats' and 'dogs' 
E.g. 'Safe' and 'sound' 
E.g. 'Dark' and 'stormy night'
E.g. 'Pouring' 'rain'
  • always in pairs
  • if frequently used, can become fixed phrases
  • many fixed phrases become Chichester
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18
Q

☀️☀️☀️COMPOUNDING (morphological patterning)

A

-joining of two words to create a new, single word
E.g. Newspaper, download, hotspot
-can be joined with no spaces, of hyphens
-hyphenation: kiss-on-the-cheek-affection

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19
Q

☀️☀️☀CONTRACTION ( morphological patterning)

A
  • when two words are compounded, but one (or both) words are shortened and an apostrophe is inserted to mark the missing letters
  • a marker of reduced formality, Afro to represent phonological, processes in orthography
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20
Q

☀️☀️☀️ARCHAISM (morphological patterning)

A

-words that are no in common use and are considered obsolete
-can be repurposed to gain new meanings and connotations
E.g. Wireless, dashboard, dial tone, hang up

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21
Q

☀️☀️☀️BORROWING (morphological patterning)

A
  • words that have been taken from our languages and incorporated into English
  • usually in specialised fields
  • e.g. Code switching
  • e.g. Allegro, lento, Latin spells in Harry Potter
22
Q

☀️☀️☀️BLEND (morphological patterning)

A

-when two words are compounded but only some of each words is used
-create imagery
E.g. Blog = web and log

23
Q

☀️☀️☀️ACRONYM (morphological patterning)

A

-pronounceable words created from the initials of their representative phrase
E.g. Nab, quanta, Anzac, seal
-formal language= efficient communication of ideas (jargon)
-informal language= agreed upon meanings to be conveyed quickly, excluding others

24
Q

☀️☀️☀️SHORTENING (morphological patterning)

A
  • truncated words (no morphological addition)

- e.g. Uni, exam, flu

25
Q

☀️☀️☀️DIMINUTIVES (morphological patterning)

A

-shortenings that have had a morpheme added to the end

E.g. Barbie, maccas, mozzie, sparky, bookie

26
Q

☀️☀️☀️INITIALISM (morphological patterning)

A

-non pronounceable initials created form their representative phrase
E.g. IBM, QED, VCE

27
Q

☀️☀️☀️NEOLOGISM (morphological patterning)

A

-new words to represent concepts that did not previously have a legend associated with them
-frequently occurs with new inventions
-often shortening, diminutives, blends etc of older words that have been given a new context
E.g. Webinar (online seminar
E.g. App
E.g. Jargonista

28
Q

❓❓❓list all the features of semantic patterning

A

MAIL POPS

  • metaphor
  • animation
  • irony
  • lexical ambiguity
  • personification
  • oxymoron
  • pun
  • simile
29
Q

☀️☀️☀️METAPHOR (semantic patterning)

A

-where speakers use familiar areas of knowledge to understand an area of know,edge that is less familiar
E.g. My car is a lemon

30
Q

☀️☀️☀️ANIMATION (semantic patterning)

A

-giving animalistic characteristic to inanimate objects and abstract ideas
-evokes imagery, intensifies an expression, create comparison
-can provide a metaphorical link or meaning to a concept that is new or needs description
E.f. The table kept out and slammed itself against my leg

31
Q

☀️☀️☀️IRONY (semantic patterning)

A

-verbal irony= when a speaker says one thing and means another
E.g. Sarcasm
-ironic similes= a form of verbal irony where a speaker does intend to communicate the opposite of what they mean e.g. As clear as mud
-requires a cultural understanding

32
Q

☀️☀️☀️LEXICAL AMBIGUITY (semantic patterning)

A
  • when a less expensive has one or meanings in the given context
  • manipulates an audience
  • common in advertising
  • e.g. New and improved, 50% better
33
Q

☀️☀️☀️PUN (semantic patterning)

A
  • when lexical ambiguity is manipulated for humorous purposes
  • gets reader/listener’s attention
  • common in newspaper headlines
  • e.g. Otter devastation
34
Q

☀️☀️☀️OXYMORON (semantic patterning)

A

-a phrase that combines two opposing lexical items together to create a new concept
E.g. Optimistic pessimist, living end, deafening silence, original copy

35
Q

☀️☀️☀️PERSONIFICATION (semantic patterning)

A

-giving human characteristics, feelings and emotions to inanimate objects, abstract ideas, and non-humanoid animals
E.g. The cat stared at me in disgust
E.g. He sun smiled down on us
-intensifies an expression, evokes imagery, create a comparison
-provides a metaphorical, link or meaning to a concept that is new or needs description

36
Q

☀️☀️☀️SIMILE (semantic patterning)

A

-direct comparisons through decorative meaning between one object and another
E.g. As tall as a giant

37
Q

☀️☀️☀️COHESION AND COHERENCE

A
  • coherence= how meanings and sequences of ideas relate to each other
  • cohesion= the grammatical and lexical links fat link on part of a text to another
38
Q

☀️☀️☀️COHERENCE

A
  • when sentences, idea and details fit together clearly, readers can follow along easily, and the writing is coherent
  • a coherent text is meaningful, unified and gives the impression of ‘hanging together’
  • gives understandability
  • can be supported by visual elements, Subheadings, headings, paragraphs etc
  • reinforces field
39
Q

❓❓❓list all features of coherence

A

CLIF-C

  • consistency and conventions
  • logical ordering
  • inference
  • formatting

-cohesion

40
Q

☀️☀️☀️CONSISTENCY AND CONVENTIONS (coherence)

A
  • repeated semantic patterning
  • lexical choices form the same semantic field
  • using dominant sentence types
  • e.g. Dominate sentence types in recipes would be imperatives (dice onions)
41
Q

☀️☀️☀️LOGICAL ORDERING (coherence)

A

-ensuring that the text is paid out in a way that makes sense to the text type
E.g. Teel, logical layouts

42
Q

☀️☀️☀️INFERENCE (coherence)

A
  • a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reason
  • reached given the setting, context, field, register, function, mode, and relationship
  • what foes unsaid but is still understood
43
Q

☀️☀️☀️FORMATTING (coherence)

A

-layout of a text
E.g. Headings, subheadings, paragraphs, emoticons
-increases understandability

44
Q

☀️☀️☀️COHESION

A
  • reinforces coherence
  • the glue that holds a piece of writhing together
  • cohesive devices include transitional words and phrases
45
Q

❓❓❓list all features of cohesion

A

RL SLICER

  • repetition
  • lexical choice
  • substitution
  • linking adverbs and conjunctions
  • information flow
  • collocation
  • referencing
46
Q

☀️☀️☀️REPETITION (cohesion)

A

-either words or phrases are directly repeated or synonyms are used
E.g. This little pig went to the market, this little pig stayed home

47
Q

☀️☀️☀️LEXICAL CHOICE (cohesion)

A

SYNONYM
-the process where lexemes with very similar meanings are used to vary the language (avoids unnecessary repetition)

ANTONYM
-using an opposite term to provide contrasting ideas in ways that are cognitively simpler for the brain to process

HYPONYM
-conceptual subdivisions of the general categorisation (subordinates are general words)
E.g subordinate= dog, Hyponym= poodle, spaniel

-all reduces unnecessary repetition to support cohesion

48
Q

☀️☀️☀️SUBSTITUTION (cohesion)

A

-one linguistic term is replaces by a shorter one (must occur in the second clause for the meaning to remain clear

E.G.

  • Lucas loves toy trains and Lucas has two toy trains
  • Lucas loves toy trains and has two of them

E.G.

  • I’d like the vegetarian lasagne and salad
  • I’d like the same

E.G.

  • would you like a coffee?
  • I’d love one

E.G.
-the poodle was large and the child was afraid of the dog

E.G.
-Julie likes swimming and Mark does too

E.G.

  • I saw kill bill yesterday
  • I did yesterday

E.G.

  • it’s going to be sunny today
  • they say so

E.G.

  • I wonder if I need to buy a new ticket?
  • the driver said not
49
Q

☀️☀️☀️LINKING ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS (cohesion)

A

-joining words that provide links either within a sentence or within the larger context of the discourse
E.g. Firer more, besides, yet, however, because, since, while, the, after

-allow for cohesion to occur in regards to how phrases, clauses and sentences are glued together. without correct adverb/conjunction, cohesion is lost

50
Q

☀️☀️☀️ELLIPSES (cohesion)

A

-removing words or phrases from an utterance, clause, sentence, especially is it is implied or unnecessary given the context

51
Q

☀️☀️☀REFERRENCING (cohesion)

A 
ANAPHORIC REFERENCE (anaphora)
-the referent has appeared at an earlier point in the text (points backwards)
E.g. 'The boy' broke the window and 'he' ran away

CATAPHORIC REFERENCE (cataphora)
-the referent has not appeared but will be provided subsequently (points forwards)
E.g. ‘This’ was the ‘life’: sitting in the sun
E.g. ‘These’ are ‘the words’ he used: “I can’t stand it”

DEICTICS (deixis)
-understanding of the referent requires contextual information external to the text
E.G.
-the queen visited ssc (quean Liz of England)
-the queen visited Leiden Uni (queen Beatrix or Netherlands)

52
Q

**include things on ‘language varieties and functions’, ‘register’, ‘function and degrees and formality’, ‘formality andlinguistic features’

A

.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE UNIT 3 (2 decks)

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