AOS 2

Question 1

ATP

Answer 1

Adenosine triphosphate is responsible for producing energy for movement. Energy is released when one of the phosphates splits off, changing ATP into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate

Question 2

Replenishing ATP stores

Answer 2

Creatine phosphate, carbohydrate (glycogen), fats, protein, dependent on the yield and rate

Question 3

Glycaemic index

Answer 3

A ranking of carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose (blood sugar) levels over a two-hour period. Scale of 1 -100 (higher the faster is absorbs)

Question 4

Fats

Answer 4

Broken down in either free-fatty acids (FFA), which are found in adipose tissue and the blood, or triglycerides which are stored in the muscle.
The body’s main source of fuel at rest and during prolonged submaximal exercise

Question 5

Carbohydrates

Answer 5

Glucose in the blood. Glycogen in the muscles. the body’s preferred source of energy during exercise.

Question 6

hypoglycaemia

Answer 6

when glycogen stores are depleted, also called ‘hitting the wall’

Question 7

Glycogen sparing

Answer 7

the body uses a mixture of CHO and FFA during cardiovascular endurance events, using fats earlier during performance to enable high level effort to the end of the competition

Question 8

ATP-PC system

Answer 8

Anaerobic system that resynthesises small amounts of ATP quickly

Question 9

Anaerobic glycolysis system

Answer 9

anaerobic system that is beneficial for 10 to 60 second exercise bouts, produces toxic by-products of lactic acid and H+

Question 10

aerobic system

Answer 10

Aerobic system that is the slowest by produces the largest yield of ATP and can all CHO, FFA and proteins

Question 11

Interplay

Answer 11

when all three systems work together to build ATP. At rest - aerobic, exercise - ATP-PC, then anaerobic glycolysis

Question 12

Lactate Inflection Point (LIP)

Answer 12

the point where blood lactate levels increase due to exercise faster than the body can expel them

Question 13

Fatigue

Answer 13

Exercise-induced reduction in the power-generating capacity of a muscle and an inability to continue the activity
Onset of fatigue depends on, type of activity, intensity and duration of activity, type of muscular contraction, performer’s level of fitness
Cause of fatigue is categorised as, fuel depletion, accumulation of metabolic by-products, elevated body temperature, neuromuscular interruptions (extreme cases)

Question 14

accumulation of metabolic by-products

Answer 14

H+ ions - drops pH levels, enzymes denature as a result and drop intensity.
ADP and Pi - results in the slowing of muscle contractions due to its impact on the sodium potassium pump

Question 15

fuel depletion

Answer 15

anaerobic systems - depletion of stored ATP and PC

aerobic system - depletion of glycogen stores

Question 16

body temperature

Answer 16

Heat Gain – hormones, environment, muscular activity, basal metabolic rate
Heat Loss – radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation

Question 17

neuromuscular interruptions

Answer 17

When fatigue is detected, less frequent signals are sent to muscles, can lead to reduced performance

Question 18

Passive and active recovery

Answer 18

Overcoming or reversing the fatigue experiences as a result of exercise, where the body systems repair damaged tissue and replenish energy stores
Passive - involves little to no movement (replenish PC faster and resynthesise ATP)
Active - involves participating in a similar activity but at a lower intensity (Oxidise lactate and H+ at a faster rate and remove lactic acid)

Question 19

Acute response to exercise

Answer 19

A response that lasts for the duration of the exercise bout and the immediate recovery period. Can be muscular, cardiovascular or respiratory.

Question 20

Cardiovascular responses in the heart

Answer 20

Increase in heart rate - the number of times the heart beats per minute
increase in stroke volume - the amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle per beat
increase in cardiac output - the amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle per minute.
Q = HR x SV

Question 21

Cardiovascular responses in the arteries/veins

Answer 21

Increase in blood pressure - a measure of the pressure produced by the blood being pumped into the arteries.
increase in blood redistribution - blood is redirected to the working muscles through vasoconstriction (tightening of the blood vessels) and vasodilation (widening of the blood vessels).
Increase in AVo2 difference - the difference in oxygen concentration between the arteries and the veins.
Increase in venous return - the blood returning to the heart
DECREASE in blood volume - plasma is used to create sweat.

Question 22

respiratory acute responses

Answer 22

increase in respiratory rate - number of breaths taken per minute
increase in tidal volume - amount of air breathed in and out per breath
ventilation - amount of air breathed in and out per minute
V = TD x RR
increase in pulmonary diffusion - gas exchange at the alveoli between CO2 and O2

Question 23

VO2 max

Answer 23

the maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken up, transported and utilised by the working muscles

Question 24

Oxygen Uptake

Answer 24

oxygen deficit - the amount by which the o2 supply exceeds the demand for supply.
steady state - the state in which oxygen supply equals oxygen demand so that almost all of the required ATP to maintain the current exercise intensity is being supplied aerobically.
EPOC - the amount of oxygen consumed during the recovery period after the cessation of an exercise bout that is over the and above the amount usually required during rest.

Question 25

Muscular acute responses

Answer 25

increased motor unit recruitment and activation - the more motor units (a motor neuron and the muscle fibres it stimulates) are contracted resulting in greater force produced by muscles.
increased intra-muscular blood flow - vasodilation and constriction redirects blood flow to working muscles and away from organs
increased body temperature - greater amount of heat due to chemical reactions
increased production of lactic acid - H+ and lactate will cause fatigue
increase in AVO2 difference - increases as the muscles intake more oxygen.
increase muscle enzyme activity - to produce the amounts of ATP demanded by the muscles
DECREASE in substrates - (fuel) as they are used to create ATP.