AOS 2 Flashcards
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate is responsible for producing energy for movement. Energy is released when one of the phosphates splits off, changing ATP into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate
Replenishing ATP stores
Creatine phosphate, carbohydrate (glycogen), fats, protein, dependent on the yield and rate
Glycaemic index
A ranking of carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose (blood sugar) levels over a two-hour period. Scale of 1 -100 (higher the faster is absorbs)
Fats
Broken down in either free-fatty acids (FFA), which are found in adipose tissue and the blood, or triglycerides which are stored in the muscle.
The body’s main source of fuel at rest and during prolonged submaximal exercise
Carbohydrates
Glucose in the blood. Glycogen in the muscles. the body’s preferred source of energy during exercise.
hypoglycaemia
when glycogen stores are depleted, also called ‘hitting the wall’
Glycogen sparing
the body uses a mixture of CHO and FFA during cardiovascular endurance events, using fats earlier during performance to enable high level effort to the end of the competition
ATP-PC system
Anaerobic system that resynthesises small amounts of ATP quickly
Anaerobic glycolysis system
anaerobic system that is beneficial for 10 to 60 second exercise bouts, produces toxic by-products of lactic acid and H+
aerobic system
Aerobic system that is the slowest by produces the largest yield of ATP and can all CHO, FFA and proteins
Interplay
when all three systems work together to build ATP. At rest - aerobic, exercise - ATP-PC, then anaerobic glycolysis
Lactate Inflection Point (LIP)
the point where blood lactate levels increase due to exercise faster than the body can expel them
Fatigue
Exercise-induced reduction in the power-generating capacity of a muscle and an inability to continue the activity
Onset of fatigue depends on, type of activity, intensity and duration of activity, type of muscular contraction, performer’s level of fitness
Cause of fatigue is categorised as, fuel depletion, accumulation of metabolic by-products, elevated body temperature, neuromuscular interruptions (extreme cases)
accumulation of metabolic by-products
H+ ions - drops pH levels, enzymes denature as a result and drop intensity.
ADP and Pi - results in the slowing of muscle contractions due to its impact on the sodium potassium pump
fuel depletion
anaerobic systems - depletion of stored ATP and PC
aerobic system - depletion of glycogen stores
body temperature
Heat Gain – hormones, environment, muscular activity, basal metabolic rate
Heat Loss – radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
neuromuscular interruptions
When fatigue is detected, less frequent signals are sent to muscles, can lead to reduced performance
Passive and active recovery
Overcoming or reversing the fatigue experiences as a result of exercise, where the body systems repair damaged tissue and replenish energy stores
Passive - involves little to no movement (replenish PC faster and resynthesise ATP)
Active - involves participating in a similar activity but at a lower intensity (Oxidise lactate and H+ at a faster rate and remove lactic acid)
Acute response to exercise
A response that lasts for the duration of the exercise bout and the immediate recovery period. Can be muscular, cardiovascular or respiratory.
Cardiovascular responses in the heart
Increase in heart rate - the number of times the heart beats per minute
increase in stroke volume - the amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle per beat
increase in cardiac output - the amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle per minute.
Q = HR x SV
Cardiovascular responses in the arteries/veins
Increase in blood pressure - a measure of the pressure produced by the blood being pumped into the arteries.
increase in blood redistribution - blood is redirected to the working muscles through vasoconstriction (tightening of the blood vessels) and vasodilation (widening of the blood vessels).
Increase in AVo2 difference - the difference in oxygen concentration between the arteries and the veins.
Increase in venous return - the blood returning to the heart
DECREASE in blood volume - plasma is used to create sweat.
respiratory acute responses
increase in respiratory rate - number of breaths taken per minute
increase in tidal volume - amount of air breathed in and out per breath
ventilation - amount of air breathed in and out per minute
V = TD x RR
increase in pulmonary diffusion - gas exchange at the alveoli between CO2 and O2
VO2 max
the maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken up, transported and utilised by the working muscles
Oxygen Uptake
oxygen deficit - the amount by which the o2 supply exceeds the demand for supply.
steady state - the state in which oxygen supply equals oxygen demand so that almost all of the required ATP to maintain the current exercise intensity is being supplied aerobically.
EPOC - the amount of oxygen consumed during the recovery period after the cessation of an exercise bout that is over the and above the amount usually required during rest.
