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biology unit 2 > aos 1a > Flashcards

aos 1a Flashcards

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1
Q

cell theory

A
  • all organisms are made up of cells (and the product of cells)
  • all cells come from pre-existing cells
  • the cell is the smallest organisational unit of life.
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2
Q

prokaryotic cells

A
  • no nucleus

- unicellular

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3
Q

eukaryotic cells

A
  • has a nucleus

- have membrane-bound organelles

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4
Q

plant cells

A
  • has fixed and rectangular shape
  • has a chloroplast, cell wall and vacuoles
  • larger
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5
Q

animal cells

A
  • irregular and round
  • smaller
  • has a centriole and lysosome
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6
Q

cytoplasm vs cytosol

A
  • cytoplasm: contents of a cell, other than nucleus

- cytosol: fluid/jelly component of the cytoplasm

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7
Q

nucleus and nucleolus

A
  • place where dna (genetic material) is stored
  • dna copied into mrna, which leaves nucleus through pores
  • nucleolus where ribosomes are made
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8
Q

ribosomes

A
  • thousands present in each cell
  • 30nm in diameter, only visible with electron microscope
  • made of proteins and ribosomal rna (rrna)
  • two subunits joined together
  • translate mrna from nucleus to proteins
  • proteins that need to be transported are made by ribosomes bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum
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9
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • surface is where the cell manufactures proteins intended for export.
  • called ‘rough’ because the presence of ribosomes.
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10
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • joined to rough er.
  • involved in synthesis of fats, phospholipids and steroids.
  • contain enzymes that help detoxify drugs and other poisons.
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11
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • known as golgi body or golgi complex
  • two sides, cis (nearest to er) and trans
  • packages and modifies proteins from transport to another organelle or to secrete from the cell
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12
Q

lysosomes

A
  • recycling bin of the cell
  • contain digestive enzymes (enzyme called lysozyme)
  • aid in disposal of microorganisms and worn out cellular components.
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13
Q

motochondria

A
  • energy generator of the cell

- glucose - atp

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14
Q

chloroplasts

A
  • contain chlorophyll

- involved in photosynthesis

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15
Q

cell membrane

A
  • semi-permeable membrane
  • contains substances that enter and leave the cell
  • forms boundary of all cells
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16
Q

cell wall

A
  • not found in animal cells
  • gives strength and rigidity to the cell.
  • plant: cellulose
  • bacteria: peptidoglycan
  • fungi: chitin
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17
Q

vacuole

A
  • liquid filled spaces found in plants
  • involved in storage of materials
  • sometimes acts as a lysosome
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18
Q

vesicles

A
  • small membrane bound compartments used to store or transport materials
19
Q

plastids

A
  • organelles involved in the storage of different chemical compounds
  • e.g. chromoplasts: storage of coloured pigments - petals and fruit
20
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • made of microtubes and protein fibres
  • supports cell structure - helps it hold its shape
  • acts like a highway for vesicles to be moved along to different organelles
21
Q

centrioles

A
  • pair of cylinder structures
  • made of microtubules
  • involved in cell division and formation of structures like cilia and flagella
22
Q

cillia and flagella

A
  • structure
    • tail like structure - flagella
    • hair like structure - cillia
  • function
    • movement
23
Q

surface area and volume - formula

A 
sa - (length x width) x number of faces
v - length x width x height
ration - sa:v
large object - small sa:v
small object - large sa:v
24
Q

internal compartmentalisation

A
  • allows different parts of cells to have different properties so different chemical reactions can occur
    e. g. different pH
25
Q

electron microscopes

A
  • can view all features of cells including organelles
26
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • 50% lipids 50% protein
  • phospholipid bilayer: flexible boundary of the cell, restrict chemical/substances exchange in and out of cell
  • hydrophilic ; attracted to water
  • hydrophobic: repels water
  • cholesterol: gives stability to membrane
  • carbohydrate chains: communication between cells, identity markers
  • membrane proteins: can be integral or peripheral, transport substances across the membrane, secure the cytoskeleton to the membrane, receptors, cell to cell adhesion, identity markers
27
Q

orientation of phospholipids

A
  • phospholipids are faced a certain way due to the heads being water loving and tales being water hating.
28
Q

cellular membrane

A
  • keep toxic substances out of the cell

- contain receptors and channels that allow specific molecules to pass between organelles

29
Q

sa:v - diffusion

A
  • large object: small sa:v - low amount of diffusion
  • small object: large sa:v - high amount of diffusion
  • surfaces can be highly folded to increase the sa over which diffusion can take place, e.g. lungs (alveoli), gills
  • organisms can be multicellular, allowing a high sa:v ratio
30
Q

active transport

A
  • molecules or ions move from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration
  • processes use energy
  • specific and uses protein pumps
31
Q

passive transport

A
  • doesn’t require energy
  • osmosis
  • diffusion
32
Q

diffusion

A
  • the passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient, from a region of high solute concentration to a region of low solute concentration
  • faster when there is a high concentration difference
  • faster when heat is applied
33
Q

simple diffusion through lipid bilayer

A
  • can diffuse across bilayer: non-polar, uncharged hydrophobic molecules. small, polar, uncharged hydrophilic molecules
  • cannot diffuse across bilayer: larger (greater than 5 carbon atoms) uncharged polar molecules, ions (charged)
34
Q

facilitated diffusion through protein channels

A
  • protein channels are specific (can be gated)
  • channels provide a route for diffusion of substances that can not penetrate the lipid bilayer
  • process of spontaneous passive transport
35
Q

osmosis

A
  • the diffusion of free-water molecules from high water concentration to low water concentration, across a selectively permeable membrane
36
Q

bulk transport

A
  • exocytosis: transport out of cell
  • vesicle with molecules for transport fuses with membrane to release contents
  • endocytosis: transport into cell
37
Q

sa:v - osmosis

A
  • as cells grow larger, have less sa available for diffusion: low diffusion
  • thin, flat cells - greater sa
38
Q

hypertonic

A
  • hyper: more than
  • solution is a solution that contains a higher concentration of solute compared to the other side of a semi-permeable membrane
39
Q

isotonic

A
  • iso: same

- solution is a solution that has an equal solute concentration compared to the other side of a semi-permeable membrane

40
Q

hypotonic

A
  • hypo: less than
  • solution is a solution that contains a lower concentration of solute compared to the other side of the semi-permeable membrane
41
Q

cells in hypertonic solutions

A
  • animal cells: water leaves the cell, causes cell to shrink, crenation
  • plant cells: cell wall retains shape, cell membrane shrinks away from cell wall, vacuole also gets smaller, plasmolysis
42
Q

cells is isotonic solutions

A
  • animal cells: stay the same

- plant cells: stay the same

43
Q

cells in hypotonic solutions

A
  • animal cells: cell swells as water enters, cell bursts due to lack of cell wall, lysis
  • plant cells: cell swells as water enters, cell wall prevents cell rupture, when cell wall bulges - turgid

biology unit 2 (3 decks)

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