AOS 1 - Unit 3 Flashcards
Behavioural Determinant
Actions or patterns of living of an individual or group that impact on health.
Alcohol consumption, drug use, tobacco smoking, physical activity, dietary behaviour, sexual behaviours, vaccination status and risk taking behaviour.
Biological Determinant
Factors relating to the body that impact on health such as genetics, hormones, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels and birth weight.
Social Determinant
Aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health.
Work, food security, socioeconomic status, unemployment, stress, social exclusion and isolation.
Physical Environment
Physical surroundings in which we work, live and play.
Climate and climate change, housing, work environment, urban design and infrastructure, air quality.
Health
A complete state of physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Burden of disease
A measure of the impact of disease and injuries. It measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to be an old age free of disease and disability.
Measured in DALY’s
YLL+YLD =DALY’s
Chronic
Describes conditions that last an extended period of time. (6+ months)
Disability adjusted life year
A measure of burden of disease. One DALY equals one year of life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.
Disability weight
A measurement that indicates how serve a condition is and how much weight will occur due to present disability.
Dynamic
Undergoes changes over time.
Health indicators
Standard statistics that are used to measure and compare health.
Life expectancy, mortality and morbidity rates.
Holistic
An approach to health that takes the whole body or issue into account not simply the individual part of specific condition.
Maternal mortality rate (MMR)
Number of deaths of pregnant women or in the first 42 days of giving birth.
Hospital separation
An episode of hospital care that starts with admission and ends at transfer (to another institution), discharge or death.
Incidence
(In relation to morbidity)
Refers to the number (or rate) of new cases of a disease or condition in a population during a given period, usually 12 months.
Infermity
A state of being weak, especially from old age.
Lethargic
Tired, lacking of energy or mental awareness.
Mental health
State of wellbeing in which the individual can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitful and is able to make a contribution to his/her community.
Morbidity
Refers to ill health in an individual or levels of ill health in a population.
Mortality
Refers to deaths in the population (per 100,00)
Trend
General movement or pattern (in data)
YLD’s
A measure of now many ‘healthy’ years of life are lost due to illness, injury or disability.
YLL’s
A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death.
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
The number of children who die before their first birthday.
Under 5 mortality rate (U5MR)
Measures the number of children who die before the age of 5 (per 1000 live births)
Life expectancy
Number of years a person can expect to live based on the year they were born.
Rural remote
Anyone living outside the major cities.
Rural (big town country area): Bendigo and Ballarat (26% of population)
Remote (middle of nowhere): Genoa and Murrayville (3% of population)
Metropolitan
Major cities or towns such as Melbourne or Geelong. (70% of population)
Health status
An individuals or a populations overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.
Optimal health
The best level of health an individual can realistically attain.
Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health.
It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality.
Physical health
The state and functioning of the body and it’s systems, such as body weight, levels of illness, energy levels fitness levels and immune system functioning.
Social health
The state and quality of relationships with others, such as family, friends and school or work colleagues.
Carbohydrates
- Macronutrient
- Provide a source of fuel for energy.
- Excess can be stored as fat which can increase the risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, colorectal cancer and type 2 diabetes.
- Found in: cereals, rice, pasta, simple sugars.
Fibre
- Fibre aids in digestive regulation and promotes regular bowel movements, which can reduce risk of colorectal cancer
- Adds bulk to faeces
- Reduced cholesterol by binding to bile, this can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Provides feelings of fullness and so can reduce overeating and obesity
- Removes toxins from the digestive tract and can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer
- Reduces glucose absorption and can therefore assist with weight management and decreases the risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
List the food sources of fibre.
Bran, cereal, fruit and vegetables such as pears, apples, bananas, broccoli, corn, peas and carrots.
Protein
- Macronutrient
- The primary function of protein is growth, maintenance and repair of body cells and tissues.
- As a secondary function protein is also used as a fuel for energy production when carbohydrate and fat intake is insufficient
- Found in: eggs, milk, cheese, beef, chicken and poultry, fish and seafood, tofu, soya milk, legumes, nuts, brown rice and whole grain cereals.
Fats (lipids)
- Macronutrient
- Provide fuel for energy (37kj per gram)
- Cushioning and protection of vital organs
Monounsaturated fats
- Reduce LDL cholesterol ➡️ reduces rate of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
- May increase HDL levels ➡️ decreases blood cholesterol levels
- Found in: olive oil, avocado, canola oil, nuts, peanut butter.
Polyunsaturated fats
- Omega 3
- Omega 6
- Reduces LDL cholesterol ➡️ reduces rate of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease
- Omega 3 increases elasticity of blood vessels and prevents clots ➡️ reducing risk of stroke and heart attack
- Omega 3: oily fish (mackerel,tuna, salmon)
- Omega 6: nuts
Saturated fats
- Contains LDL cholesterol which is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and therefore cardiovascular disease.
- Stimulates the liver to produce LDL cholesterol, which further increases risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease
- Found in: fatty meats, cheese, cream, takeaway food, commercially baked goods
Trans fats
- contains LDL cholesterol ➡️ increases risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis
- Stimulates liver to produce LDL cholesterol
-Found in: processed foods such as pies, pastries and cakes.
Water
- Water makes up a majority of our body weight and is require for a range of functions and chemical reactions
- Main component of blood
- Key component of many cells and allows them to functional
- Contains no kj and may assist in weight management
- is absorbed by fibre and assists in flushing of waste, which may decrease risk of colorectal cancer
Calcium
- Acts as a hardening agent for the mineralisation of boned, which increased bone mass and reduces risk of osteoporosis
- Found in: sardines, salmon, green leafy vegetables, fortified soy milk, fortified orange juice
Phosphorus
- Works with calcium as a hardening agent for bones which increases bone mass and reduces the risk of osteoporosis
- dairy products, yoghurt, chicken, eggs, fish, nuts and legumes
Sodium
- Assists in regulation of fluid in the body and functioning of the nervous system
- excess can cause calcium to be excreted in urine and therefore decrease bone density and contribute to osteoporosis
- table salt, olives, pork, tomato sauce, pizza, pies
Vitamin D
- Required for absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine into the blood stream, which increases bone density and decreases the risk of osteoporosis.
- Found in: salmon, tuna, cheese, egg yolks, sardines, fortified orange juice.
List the prerequisites for the Ottowa Charter for Health Promotion
- Income
- Education
- Shelter
- Peace
- Food
- Stable ecosystem
- Sustainable resources
- Social justice and equality
Ottowa charter strategies to improve health
- Advocate
- mediate
- enable: people must have access to the skills and resources they require to improve their own health.
Responsibility of the federal government in health care
- Development of policies particularly in areas such as NHPA
- Provide funding for health services and research and to the states to operate health services
- Administering Medicare and the PBS
- Quarantine
- Provide private health insurance rebate
- fund residential aged care
- oversee regulations for pharmacy goods
- devise food safety laws and regulations
- regulate private health industry
Responsibility of state and territory governments in health care
- delivery of health services:
- public hospitals
- psychiatric hospitals
- the school health curriculum
- public dental health, which is available to concession card holders and their families
- maternal and child health
- immunisation
- ambulance services (users pay for the service)
- emissions guidelines
- monitoring air and water quality - Regulatory responsibilities:
- licensing GPs
- licensing private hospitals (quality control)
- tobacco and alcohol purchase regulations
- food safety guidelines
- road rules
- work safety regulations
Responsibility of local government in health care
- The local government is funded through s combination of state and territory government grants and rate collection.
- removal of waste
- maintaining parks and recreational areas such as sporting facilities
- monitoring noise and pollution levels
- health inspections of businesses and restaurants to ensure health regulations are followed
What is Medicare?
Medicare is Australia's universal health insurance scheme. It provides free or subsidised medical care for Australian citizens, permanent residents and those from countries with a reciprocal agreement. Medicare is funded through: -The Medicare levy -The Medicare levy surcharge -General taxation
