AOS 1 - China causes Flashcards
What were the key events of the Xinhai Revolution (1911)?
^ discontent among Ch pop esp. peasantry b/c X land, poor cond/$ etc
Yuan Shikai deposes Pu-Yi = becomes leader himself (Feb 1912)
What happened to central political authority following the death of Yuan Shikai?
China breaks apart once again –> Beiyang army (got Yuan into power) broke into factions led by warlords which had to later be united by Jiang/CCP (Northern Exp)
Who emerged as the leading contenders in the Nationalist movement following the death of Sun Yat-sen?
Jiang, Agent Borodin (Russian), Wang Jingwei
H/w Jiang condemned Borodin b/c foreign therefore X able to contend
Wang acc of trying to kidnap Jiang via gunboat –> forced to flee to Paris = Jiang becomes GMD leader
What happened during the Northern Expedition?
CCP + GMD marched to northern capital @ Beijing to unite Ch from warlords (750,000 warlord troops)
CCP would go ahead of GMD –> caused disruption in cities e.g. Shanghai > cause workers’ uprising to weaken city > GMD come in & take city
How did Comintern have influence over the leadership and strategies of the CCP?
Comintern guided CCP > acted as ‘main form of revolutionary guidance’ + source of $
Influenced dec re. 1st Party Congress re. formation of CCP
H/w CCP developed own strategies that were more specific to China’s needs e.g. land distribution in Jiangxi / Yan’an
What were the intentions and impacts of the New Life Movement?
Intentions = use fascism as a way to act as a ‘stimulant for a declining society’ + develop China whilst ^ status of GMD
Impacts = minimal
Only loyal nationalists enforced e.g. ‘96 rules’
Only impacted urban areas > little impact in rural areas
What was the role of and significance of Jiang Jieshi’s leadership during the Nanjing Decade?
March 1929 = GMD announced it would monopolise power on behalf of the ppl > ‘political tutorage’ > in line w/ Sun’s Three Principles
1931 = Jiang named ‘general of generals’
Significance = Jiang able to ^ his own prestige in GMD + Ch as seen as strong leader who dev China + resisted foreign imperialism e.g. Japan
Why was the Zunyi Conference a critical turning point in the Long March?
Zunyi Conference = 15-17th Jan 1935 > Mao become ^ powerful as other leaders exposed for weaknesses / blamed for suffering of all troops etc
Therefore Mao takes control of Long March + ^ status w/in CCP throughout/ after march
What changes in leadership and strategies emerged after Zunyi?
Before = marching ‘straight on, dead on’ / ^ equipment e.g. grand piano, printing presses etc / low morale / troops X know where they’re going
After = Commissars placed among rank-and-file to ^ morale / carried less equipment / sang marching songs + patriotic chants / troops told what is going on / acted as ‘people’s army’ (still stole @ times h/w / conscripted)
What is the significance of the Long March to the development of the CCP?
Created ‘Long March spirit’ > sacrifice, determination, resilience
Created legend for CCP > ^ determination to achieve desired revolution
B/c Jiang X exterminate CCP army fully threat remained therefore able to capitalise one day and achieve rev
How did Jiang’s government respond to Japanese military aggression in northern China?
Used tactics of retreating / X offence
Placed his best troops @ Shanghai (lost 60% / 250,000) b/c X retreat
Lost ^ equipment b/c disorganised routs
What policies and strategies were implemented by the CCP at Yan’an?
Land/Tax Reform > -1935-37 = surplus land taken from landlords + redistributed to peasants > Poor Peasants’ Association (engaged peasants) h/w some landlords able to retain land b/c ^ complex rel b/w peas/landlords
Social Change > - Women’s association est. re. violence against women /those too poor to afford to feed children
Political change > -Democratic centralism/popular representation > Principle of Three-thirds (Mao Zedong Thought) > 1/3 CCP, 1/3 other leftist groups, 1/3 anyone except Jap collaborators
+ many more reforms
How did the war with Japan impact on the CCP?
Failures of GMD = ^ status of CCP e.g. X Yellow River dykes (500,000 drowned), allowed Nanjing Massacre (~300,000 X, 10,000 raped)
CCP attacked by GMD (~7000 X) h/w cont’d fighting Jap
Seen as determined/ honourable for China
