AOS 1 Flashcards
What are 5 pieces of evidence supporting the bacterial origins of chloroplasts and mitochondria?
- They have their own DNA, which is circular.
- They have their own ribosomes and produce their own proteins.
- They reproduce by binary fission independently of cell cycle.
- They are bound by a double plasma-membrane.
- They have porin transport proteins only found in prokaryotic plasma membranes.
How are glucose/carbohydrates stored in plant cells? (2)
As starch in plant cell amyloplasts.
As cellulose in plant cell wall.
How are glucose/carbohydrates stored in animal cells?
As glycogen in liver and muscle cells.
What bonds join amino acids, what reaction, what molecule is produced?
Peptide bonds join amino acids in a condensation reaction (produces water molecule) which produces a polypeptide (protein).
Describe the amino acid structure.
Amino group (H2N), Carbon atom, Carboxyl group (COOH), Hydrogen atom, R chain
Describe the four protein orders and bonds.
Primary: linear sequence of amino acids (peptide bonds).
Secondary: folding to alpha-helix or beta-pleated (hydrogen bond).
Tertiary: irregular folding (hydrogen and ionic bonds).
Quaternary: 2 or more tertiary chains.
List 5 factors that affect diffusion
Size of molecule, polarity, charge, amount, concentration gradient.
List 5 functions of the plasma membrane
Protects cell Contains contents Cell identity Communication Controls movement of substances
Describe the structure of a phospholipid
Polar head: glycerol backbone & phosphate group
Non-polar tails: 2x fatty acid chains (one sat, one un-sat)
Identify RNA/DNA in a nucleotide
(bottom of pentagon)
2x OH groups = RNA
1x OH 1x H = DNA
What is the difference between the two types of inhibitors?
Competitive: competes for active site
Non-competitive: alters active site shape
What is a coenzyme?
An organic (molecule) that allows enzyme to function, usually by carrying an electron/ion (eg. ATP/NADPH).
What is a cofactor?
Inorganic (ion) that allows enzyme to function.
What is activation energy?
The energy required to break the bonds in the reactants of a reaction so the reaction can begin.
How do enzymes affect activation energy?
They lower Ea