AOS 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What are 5 pieces of evidence supporting the bacterial origins of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A
  1. They have their own DNA, which is circular.
  2. They have their own ribosomes and produce their own proteins.
  3. They reproduce by binary fission independently of cell cycle.
  4. They are bound by a double plasma-membrane.
  5. They have porin transport proteins only found in prokaryotic plasma membranes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are glucose/carbohydrates stored in plant cells? (2)

A

As starch in plant cell amyloplasts.

As cellulose in plant cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are glucose/carbohydrates stored in animal cells?

A

As glycogen in liver and muscle cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What bonds join amino acids, what reaction, what molecule is produced?

A

Peptide bonds join amino acids in a condensation reaction (produces water molecule) which produces a polypeptide (protein).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the amino acid structure.

A

Amino group (H2N), Carbon atom, Carboxyl group (COOH), Hydrogen atom, R chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the four protein orders and bonds.

A

Primary: linear sequence of amino acids (peptide bonds).
Secondary: folding to alpha-helix or beta-pleated (hydrogen bond).
Tertiary: irregular folding (hydrogen and ionic bonds).
Quaternary: 2 or more tertiary chains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List 5 factors that affect diffusion

A

Size of molecule, polarity, charge, amount, concentration gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List 5 functions of the plasma membrane

A
Protects cell
Contains contents
Cell identity
Communication
Controls movement of substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid

A

Polar head: glycerol backbone & phosphate group

Non-polar tails: 2x fatty acid chains (one sat, one un-sat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Identify RNA/DNA in a nucleotide

A

(bottom of pentagon)
2x OH groups = RNA
1x OH 1x H = DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between the two types of inhibitors?

A

Competitive: competes for active site

Non-competitive: alters active site shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

An organic (molecule) that allows enzyme to function, usually by carrying an electron/ion (eg. ATP/NADPH).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

Inorganic (ion) that allows enzyme to function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The energy required to break the bonds in the reactants of a reaction so the reaction can begin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do enzymes affect activation energy?

A

They lower Ea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe a condensation reaction

A

A reaction that releases water molecules (eg. polymerisation, anabolic (absorbs energy) (THINK PHOTOSYNTHESIS)

17
Q

Describe a hydrolysis reaction

A

Reaction that requires water, catabolic (releases energy) (THINK CELLULAR RESPIRATION)

18
Q

Describe the overall equation for photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O -> (Chlorophyll & light) O2 & C6H12O6

19
Q

Describe the first stage of photosynthesis

A

Light dependent
In thylakoid membrane of chloroplast
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy (enzymes)
H2O is split by light into H+ and O2, forms ATP
H+ joins to NADPH
Oxygen is waste product

20
Q

Describe the second stage of photosynthesis

A

Light independent/Calvin cycle
In stroma of chloroplast (liquid)
NADPH and ATP and CO2 are joined together by RuBisCo to form glucose

21
Q

What is the point where the rate of ps and res are equal?

A

Compensation point (no net increase/decrease of CO2)

22
Q

Describe the first stage of respiration

A

Glycolysis
In cytoplasm
Anaerobic
glucose split into pyruvate and 2ATP and 2NADH

23
Q

How much ATP is produced from respiration

A

36 or 38

24
Q

Describe the second stage of respiration

A

Krebs cycle
In matrix of mitochondria (fluid)
Pyruvate is oxidised to Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA is split into 6CO2, 2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2