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AOS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Immune system

A

the body system that helps resist infection and disease through specialised cells and proteins

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2
Q

pathogens

A

that cause diseases in their hosts (Disease causing organisms)

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3
Q

Antigens molecules

A

any molecule that can stimulate an immune response – this is triggered by receptors on the cell surface of a cell that bind in a specific manner to any non-self molecules such as those on the surface of a pathogen or foreign

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

involves a specific response against a specific pathogen, with memory retained for future infection. This response is usually only required if an infection is not cleared by the innate response.

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5
Q

Antibody generators (Antigens)

A

produced by plasma cells in response to antigens and which react specifically with the antigen that induced their formation; also called immunoglobulins

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6
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

antigen-binding proteins produced by B cells and released in blood and lymph

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7
Q

Self-antigens

A

antigens on cells that are recognised by self-receptors as being part of the same body (a cell that is supposed to be apart of your body)

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8
Q

non-self antigensantigens that do not belong to the body’s own cells

A

antigens that do not belong to the body’s own cells

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9
Q

Parasite

A

obtains nutrients at the others expense

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10
Q

Allergen

A

an antigen that elicits an allergic response

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11
Q

Allergy

A

an abnormal immune response to a substance that is harmless for most people

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12
Q

physical barriers

A

innate barriers that act to prevent the entry of pathogens into the body

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13
Q

chemical barriers

A

innate barriers that use enzymes to kill pathogens and prevent invasion into a host

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14
Q

microbiological barriers

A

innate barriers involving normal flora in the body

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15
Q

Microorganisms

A

an organism that is microscopic

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16
Q

Intracellular

A

anything that is within a cell

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17
Q

Extracellular

A

locations within the body that are outside cells, such as blood plasma and extracellular fluid

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18
Q

Viruses

A

non-cellular pathogens that use the host cell in order to replicate their genetic material

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19
Q

Prions

A

infectious particles made of protein that lack nucleic acids

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20
Q

Viroids

A

simple forms of viruses that lack a capsid

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21
Q

Bacteria

A

microscopic living organisms that have only one cell.

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22
Q

Exotoxins

A

highly toxic soluble proteins that are produced by bacteria pathogens. They can damage or kill cells of all kinds

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23
Q

Endotoxins

A

toxins derived from the lipid portion of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They are only produced after the bacteria dies and the outer membrane breaks down.

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24
Q

Non-cellular

A

Need a host in order to reproduce

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25
Cellular
can reproduce by itself
26
Innate immunity
the type of immunity that is present from birth, is fast acting but not long lasting, and produces non-specific (generic) responses against classes of pathogens (Innate = non specific. 2nd line of defence)
27
Adaptive immunity
an immune response that is specific to a particular antigen and develops through contact with an antigen (Adaptive = specific. 3rd line of defence)
28
Cell-mediated immunity
immune response that is mediated by immune cells → Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages and NK-cells
29
Humoral immunity
immune response mediated by soluble molecules in the blood, lymph and interstitial fluid that disable pathogens
30
First line of defence
part of the defence against pathogens provided by barriers of the innate immune system that prevent entry of pathogens into the body → non-specific
31
Second line of defence
part of the defence provided by the immune cells and soluble proteins of the innate immune system against attacking pathogens that gain entry to the body → non-specific
32
Third line of defence
part of the defence provided by the immune cells of the adaptive immune system through the various actions of T cells and B cells
33
Pathogen-associated molecular
patterns molecules that are found in pathogens but are not found in a host, allowing them to be recognised as foreign. They stimulate an innate immune system response
34
Monocytes
produced by stem cells in the bone marrow and circulate through the blood. They then undergo differentiation, becoming macrophages and settling in body tissues.
35
Macrophages
mature forms of monocytes. They work to destroy pathogens and cellular debris by phagocytosis. ***ANTIGEN PRESENTING
36
Histamine
leads to the increased permeability of blood vessels and causes smooth muscles to contract.
37
Opsonization
the coating of the surface of pathogen cells with proteins → makes it susceptible to phagocytosis.
38
Chemotaxis
movement of a cell or organism in response to a chemical substance → attracts immune cells involved in inflammatory response.
39
Lysis
Form a membrane attack complex (circle) on the surface → creates a pore that allows fluid to enter and cell swells then bursts
40
self-tolerance
inability of an adaptive immune system to respond to the body’s own self-antigens
41
Lymph
the fluid in the lymphatic system that gets squeezed out of blood vessels (can only move in one direction)
42
Primary lymphatic organs
are sites where immune cells are produced and mature. (Bone marrow and thymus)
43
Secondary lymphatic organs
are the sites where immune cells are activated by meeting antigens and where immune responses occur. (spleen and lymph nodes)
44
Specificity
to recognise and respond to specific antigens. Adaptive immune cells have unique receptors and only the specific cells that can recognise the pathogen are selected for action. (Colonial selection and expansion)
45
Immunological memory
more rapid and stronger response, Most of the cells are removed by apoptosis after a particular pathogen has been eliminated. Pathogens are often eliminated before any symptoms appear. Faster a greater production of antibodies on second exposure
46
Cytotoxic T cells
Deliver the cell mediated immune defences →Include the direct elimination of pathogen-infected cells and other abnormal cells (eg. cancer cells)
47
B cells
Deliver the humoral immune defenses by secreting antibodies that bind to the surface antigens on pathogens → Label them for elimination
48
B lymphocytes
responsible for mediating the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (typically known as antibodies) directed against extracellular pathogens. **Humoral response
49
cell-mediated adaptive response
a specific response in which cytotoxic T cells (Tc) destroy virus-infected cells using perforin and granzyme B.
50
Cell-mediated
refers to the fact that the response is carried out by cytotoxic cells that eliminate intracellular pathogens.
51
Disease
a condition in a living animal or plant body that impairs the normal functioning of an organ, part, structure or system.
52
Non-infectious
diseases that cannot spread from affected people to healthy people via the environment. Eg. Genetic diseases.
53
Infectious
diseases that can be transmitted between individuals and are caused by pathogens. Eg. pneumonia.
54
Emerging diseases
a disease caused by a newly identified or previously unknown agent. Eg Covid 2019.
55
Re-emerging diseases
reappearance of a known disease after a significant decline in incidence. Eg. Ebola haemorrhagic fever 1976.
56
Pandemic
refers to the quick global outbreak of a disease.
57
Epidemic
refers to the widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community or in a restricted geographic area. If geographic area increase it may become a pandemic
58
Genetic shift
major change in the virus, therefore the population has no immunity
59
Air space effect
makes it easier for pathogens to be exported from one country by infected passengers to another country in a day or less.
60
Colonisation effects
Lead to a decline of Australian Aboriginal people. There was no prior exposure to the diseases that the British brought over and therefore they had no immunity against the diseases.
61
Transmission
passing a pathogen on to another individual
62
Reservoir
the habitat in which a pathogen lives, grows and multiplies
63
quarantine
the act of isolating infected individuals to prevent the spread of a disease
64
zoonotic diseases
diseases that have been transferred from other animals
65
index case
the first individual known to have a case of an infectious disease
66
direct transmission
mechanism of transmission of pathogenic agents that involves direct person-to-person contact, such as by kissing or sexual contact
67
indirect transmission
mechanism of transmission of pathogenic agents that does not involve direct person-to-person contact, such as by airborne droplets or by ingestion of contaminated food
68
vectors
organisms that carry pathogenic agents and spread them to other organisms
69
incubation period
the period between infection and the first appearance of the symptoms of a disease
70
Host
host an organism that can get a disease
71
Vaccination programs
mandated programs that set a schedule in which vaccinations against specific diseases should be administered
72
Herd immunity
indirect protection, at the population level, against an infectious disease; the protection is created by the presence in the population of a high proportion of individuals who are vaccinated against the particular disease
73
Immunotherapy
a type of treatment that alters the immune response in an individual to combat diseases. Used to fight cancer and autoimmune diseases.
74
Cancer
a disease in which cells divide in an uncontrolled manner, forming an abnormal mass of cells called a tumour
75
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)
specifically designed antibodies used in the treatment of some diseases such as cancer and autoimmune disease. They are artificially produced in the lab by stimulating B cells in mice.
76
Autoimmune diseases
diseases in which the immune system fails to identify ‘self’ material and makes antibodies against the body’s own tissues.

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