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AOS 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Immune system

A

the body system that helps resist infection and disease through specialised cells and proteins

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2
Q

pathogens

A

that cause diseases in their hosts (Disease causing organisms)

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3
Q

Antigens molecules

A

any molecule that can stimulate an immune response – this is triggered by receptors on the cell surface of a cell that bind in a specific manner to any non-self molecules such as those on the surface of a pathogen or foreign

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

involves a specific response against a specific pathogen, with memory retained for future infection. This response is usually only required if an infection is not cleared by the innate response.

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5
Q

Antibody generators (Antigens)

A

produced by plasma cells in response to antigens and which react specifically with the antigen that induced their formation; also called immunoglobulins

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6
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

antigen-binding proteins produced by B cells and released in blood and lymph

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7
Q

Self-antigens

A

antigens on cells that are recognised by self-receptors as being part of the same body (a cell that is supposed to be apart of your body)

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8
Q

non-self antigensantigens that do not belong to the body’s own cells

A

antigens that do not belong to the body’s own cells

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9
Q

Parasite

A

obtains nutrients at the others expense

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10
Q

Allergen

A

an antigen that elicits an allergic response

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11
Q

Allergy

A

an abnormal immune response to a substance that is harmless for most people

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12
Q

physical barriers

A

innate barriers that act to prevent the entry of pathogens into the body

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13
Q

chemical barriers

A

innate barriers that use enzymes to kill pathogens and prevent invasion into a host

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14
Q

microbiological barriers

A

innate barriers involving normal flora in the body

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15
Q

Microorganisms

A

an organism that is microscopic

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16
Q

Intracellular

A

anything that is within a cell

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17
Q

Extracellular

A

locations within the body that are outside cells, such as blood plasma and extracellular fluid

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18
Q

Viruses

A

non-cellular pathogens that use the host cell in order to replicate their genetic material

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19
Q

Prions

A

infectious particles made of protein that lack nucleic acids

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20
Q

Viroids

A

simple forms of viruses that lack a capsid

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21
Q

Bacteria

A

microscopic living organisms that have only one cell.

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22
Q

Exotoxins

A

highly toxic soluble proteins that are produced by bacteria pathogens. They can damage or kill cells of all kinds

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23
Q

Endotoxins

A

toxins derived from the lipid portion of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They are only produced after the bacteria dies and the outer membrane breaks down.

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24
Q

Non-cellular

A

Need a host in order to reproduce

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25
Q

Cellular

A

can reproduce by itself

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26
Q

Innate immunity

A

the type of immunity that is present from birth, is fast acting but not long lasting, and produces non-specific (generic) responses against classes of pathogens (Innate = non specific. 2nd line of defence)

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27
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

an immune response that is specific to a particular antigen and develops through contact with an antigen (Adaptive = specific. 3rd line of defence)

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28
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

immune response that is mediated by immune cells → Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages and NK-cells

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29
Q

Humoral immunity

A

immune response mediated by soluble molecules in the blood, lymph and interstitial fluid that disable pathogens

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30
Q

First line of defence

A

part of the defence against pathogens provided by barriers of the innate immune system that prevent entry of pathogens into the body → non-specific

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31
Q

Second line of defence

A

part of the defence provided by the immune cells and soluble proteins of the innate immune system against attacking pathogens that gain entry to the body → non-specific

32
Q

Third line of defence

A

part of the defence provided by the immune cells of the adaptive immune system through the various actions of T cells and B cells

33
Q

Pathogen-associated molecular

A

patterns molecules that are found in pathogens but are not found in a host, allowing them to be recognised as foreign. They stimulate an innate immune system response

34
Q

Monocytes

A

produced by stem cells in the bone marrow and circulate through the blood. They then undergo differentiation, becoming macrophages and settling in body tissues.

35
Q

Macrophages

A

mature forms of monocytes. They work to destroy pathogens and cellular debris by phagocytosis. ***ANTIGEN PRESENTING

36
Q

Histamine

A

leads to the increased permeability of blood vessels and causes smooth muscles to contract.

37
Q

Opsonization

A

the coating of the surface of pathogen cells with proteins → makes it susceptible to phagocytosis.

38
Q

Chemotaxis

A

movement of a cell or organism in response to a chemical substance → attracts immune cells involved in inflammatory response.

39
Q

Lysis

A

Form a membrane attack complex (circle) on the surface → creates a pore that allows fluid to enter and cell swells then bursts

40
Q

self-tolerance

A

inability of an adaptive immune system to respond to the body’s own self-antigens

41
Q

Lymph

A

the fluid in the lymphatic system that gets squeezed out of blood vessels (can only move in one direction)

42
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

A

are sites where immune cells are produced and mature. (Bone marrow and thymus)

43
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs

A

are the sites where immune cells are activated by meeting antigens and where immune responses occur. (spleen and lymph nodes)

44
Q

Specificity

A

to recognise and respond to specific antigens. Adaptive immune cells have unique receptors and only the specific cells that can recognise the pathogen are selected for action. (Colonial selection and expansion)

45
Q

Immunological memory

A

more rapid and stronger response, Most of the cells are removed by apoptosis after a particular pathogen has been eliminated. Pathogens are often eliminated before any symptoms appear. Faster a greater production of antibodies on second exposure

46
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Deliver the cell mediated immune defences →Include the direct elimination of pathogen-infected cells and other abnormal cells (eg. cancer cells)

47
Q

B cells

A

Deliver the humoral immune defenses by secreting antibodies that bind to the surface antigens on pathogens → Label them for elimination

48
Q

B lymphocytes

A

responsible for mediating the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (typically known as antibodies) directed against extracellular pathogens. **Humoral response

49
Q

cell-mediated adaptive response

A

a specific response in which cytotoxic T cells (Tc) destroy virus-infected cells using perforin and granzyme B.

50
Q

Cell-mediated

A

refers to the fact that the response is carried out by cytotoxic cells that eliminate intracellular pathogens.

51
Q

Disease

A

a condition in a living animal or plant body that impairs the normal functioning of an organ, part, structure or system.

52
Q

Non-infectious

A

diseases that cannot spread from affected people to healthy people via the environment. Eg. Genetic diseases.

53
Q

Infectious

A

diseases that can be transmitted between individuals and are caused by pathogens. Eg. pneumonia.

54
Q

Emerging diseases

A

a disease caused by a newly identified or previously unknown agent. Eg Covid 2019.

55
Q

Re-emerging diseases

A

reappearance of a known disease after a significant decline in incidence. Eg. Ebola haemorrhagic fever 1976.

56
Q

Pandemic

A

refers to the quick global outbreak of a disease.

57
Q

Epidemic

A

refers to the widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community or in a restricted geographic area. If geographic area increase it may become a pandemic

58
Q

Genetic shift

A

major change in the virus, therefore the population has no immunity

59
Q

Air space effect

A

makes it easier for pathogens to be exported from one country by infected passengers to another country in a day or less.

60
Q

Colonisation effects

A

Lead to a decline of Australian Aboriginal people. There was no prior exposure to the diseases that the British brought over and therefore they had no immunity against the diseases.

61
Q

Transmission

A

passing a pathogen on to another individual

62
Q

Reservoir

A

the habitat in which a pathogen lives, grows and multiplies

63
Q

quarantine

A

the act of isolating infected individuals to prevent the spread of a disease

64
Q

zoonotic diseases

A

diseases that have been transferred from other animals

65
Q

index case

A

the first individual known to have a case of an infectious disease

66
Q

direct transmission

A

mechanism of transmission of pathogenic agents that involves direct person-to-person contact, such as by kissing or sexual contact

67
Q

indirect transmission

A

mechanism of transmission of pathogenic agents that does not involve direct person-to-person contact, such as by airborne droplets or by ingestion of contaminated food

68
Q

vectors

A

organisms that carry pathogenic agents and spread them to other organisms

69
Q

incubation period

A

the period between infection and the first appearance of the symptoms of a disease

70
Q

Host

A

host an organism that can get a disease

71
Q

Vaccination programs

A

mandated programs that set a schedule in which vaccinations against specific diseases should be administered

72
Q

Herd immunity

A

indirect protection, at the population level, against an infectious disease; the protection is created by the presence in the population of a high proportion of individuals who are vaccinated against the particular disease

73
Q

Immunotherapy

A

a type of treatment that alters the immune response in an individual to combat diseases. Used to fight cancer and autoimmune diseases.

74
Q

Cancer

A

a disease in which cells divide in an uncontrolled manner, forming an abnormal mass of cells called a tumour

75
Q

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)

A

specifically designed antibodies used in the treatment of some diseases such as cancer and autoimmune disease. They are artificially produced in the lab by stimulating B cells in mice.

76
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

diseases in which the immune system fails to identify ‘self’ material and makes antibodies against the body’s own tissues.

bio U4 (1 decks)

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