AOS 1

Question 1

What is a direct tax

Answer 1

a tax imposed on individuals and collected by royal officials

Question 2

what is an indirect tax

Answer 2

tax imposed on goods and services and collected by tax farmers

Question 3

what is the gabelle

Answer 3

the salt tax, must be paid by peasants
Indirect

Question 4

what is the don gratuit

Answer 4

the catholic church’s voluntary tax paid to the king
Direct

Question 5

what is the tithe

Answer 5

a tax paid by peasants to the church, 8-10% of income
Direct

Question 6

what is the corvee

Answer 6

a labour tax, to work free of charge for 14 days on royal projects
Direct

Question 7

what is the taille

Answer 7

the main income tax, calculated on land and avoided by churches, towns and nobles
Direct

Question 8

what is the capitation

Answer 8

a tax per head, paid by commoners
Direct

Question 9

what is the vingtieme

Answer 9

a tax based on 1/20 of a persons income, paid in times of war and after.
Direct

Question 10

what are benalities

Answer 10

taxes paid by peasants to use the seigneur’s mill, oven and wine press
Indirect

Question 11

what are fuedal dues

Answer 11

a tax on land owners
Indirect

Question 12

Who was the first finance minister

Answer 12

Turgot, 1774-1776
First to admit the financial failings of france, warned louis of bankrupsty, suggested unpopular reforms

Question 13

who was after turgot

Answer 13

Necker, 1777-1781

Question 14

who was after necker

Answer 14

de Fleury, 1781-1783
raised loans to increase taxation, resumed the selling of venal offices

Question 15

what was calonne’s plan for reform

Answer 15

1. Introduce new direct tax on all landowners (including church)
2. Provisinal assemblies to access and collect land taxes
3. Replace internal tax barriers with a single tax and remove control of grain trade
4. Short term loans to be made while changes happen.

Question 16

who was after de fleury

Answer 16

Calonne, 1783-1787
says church and nobility tax exemption is fine, no limit on royal spending. in 1786 france was facing bankruptsy

Question 17

who was after calonne

Answer 17

Brienne, 1787-1788
an archbishop, closed the assembly of notables in may 1787, modified calonnes ideas to appeal to nobles but was rejected. Said only way to introduce new taxes was through the parlements and estates general

Question 18

who was montesquieu

Answer 18

a french noble philosopher, known for critiques of absolutism and advocation for separation of power in court. most famous work ‘the spirit of the laws’ and admired british constituion

Question 19

who was volatire

Answer 19

advocated for religious tolerance and seperation of church and state. Critiqued roman catholic church, criticism by implication. Imprisoned for his thoughts and exiled to britian

Question 20

who is rousseau

Answer 20

believed every man is born free and equal, also we are not naturally at competition with eachother. Said it is impossible for humanity to be happy in a world of corruption. duty to protect, duty to obey (only if youre being protected though)

Question 21

what was the enlightenment

Answer 21

an 18th century intellectual movement, that was a long term cause of revolution. Introduced new ideas for inequality and rebellion against the monarchy. Aimed to improve society, not deconstruct

Question 22

Key ideas of the enlightenment

Answer 22

1.secularism, separation of church and state.
2.Equality, for all classes to be equal (just men though)
3.Civil rights, religion, human rights to be bestowed upon all
4.Reform, making changes to existing regimes
5.science and logic, explanation over superstition