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HHD - Unit 4 > AOS 1 > Flashcards

AOS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

High-Income Countries

A
  • > US $12,696
  • Australia, Canada, Ireland, Japan, USA UK
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2
Q

Upper Middle-Income Countries

A
  • US $4,096-$12,695
  • China, Brazil, South Africa, Colombia, Turkey
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3
Q

Lower Middle-Income Countries

A
  • US $1,046-$4,095
  • Bangladesh, Philippines, India, Ukraine, Sri Lanka
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4
Q

Low-Income Countries

A
  • <US $1,045
  • Afghanistan, Nepal, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Rwanda, Somalia
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5
Q

Social Characteristics

A
  • Healthcare Systems
  • Education Levels
  • Employment Levels
  • Legal Systems
  • Technology
  • Population Growth
  • Gender Equality Levels.
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6
Q

Economic Characteristics

A
  • Income
  • Trade Opportunities
  • Range of Industries
  • Debt Levels
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7
Q

Environmental Characteristics

A
  • Housing Conditions
  • Food Security
  • Safe Water
  • Sanitation
  • Infrastructure
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8
Q

High-Income Characteristics

A
  • ↑ GNI and GDP
  • Healthcare that is accessible, affordable and equitable.
  • Existing health system
  • ↑ rates of Immunisation
  • ↑ levels of literacy and participation in education
  • Quality education system
  • Safe Water and Sanitation abundantly available
  • Adequate and nutritious food supply
  • Stable political systems
  • ↑ life expectancy
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9
Q

Middle-Income Characteristics

A
  • Intermediate GNI and GDP
  • Access to healthcare
  • Well-functioning health system may not exist
  • intermediate rates of immunisation
  • Intermediate levels of literacy and participation in education
  • mediocre education system
  • Some safe water and sanitation available, access to it may be poor.
  • Adequate food supply, may not be nutritious
  • Political situation may be stable, unstable and turbulent
  • Intermediate life expectancy
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10
Q

Low-Income Countries

A
  • ↓ GNI and GDP
  • ↓ access to healthcare
  • no health system
  • ↓ rates of immunisation
  • ↓ levels of literacy and participation in education
  • ↓ education system
  • ↓ access to safe water and sanitation
  • ↓ access to adequate food supply
  • ↓ political stability
  • ↓ life expectancy
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11
Q

Factors contributing to differences in health status and BOD

A
  • Poverty
  • Inequality and Discrimination
    • Religion
    • Sex/Gender
    • Sexual orientation and gender identity
  • Global Distribution and Marketing
    • Tobacco
    • Alcohol
    • Processed food
  • Safe Water
  • Sanitation
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12
Q

Sustainability

A

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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13
Q

Social Sustainability - Formal

A

Refers to creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely.

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14
Q

Social Sustainability - Aspects

A
  • Social support systems
  • High employment
  • Sustainable birth rates
  • Investing in education
  • Development of healthcare systems
  • Increasing access to technology
  • Development of legal and political systems
  • Improving living standards

Achieved through
- Empowering people to take control of their lives
- Respecting the values and knowledge of people
- Promoting equity by including all people in decisions and activities that will impact on their community.

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15
Q

Economic Sustainability - Formal

A

Refers to ensuring that average incomes are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs into the future.

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16
Q

Economic Sustainability - Aspects

A
  • Managing debt
  • Increasing incomes
  • Increasing opportunities for trade
  • Building industry
  • Increasing opportunities for employment

Achieved through:
- Ensuring employment opportunities and the payment of fair wages for goods and services
- Promoting economic growth at the national and international level.
- Investing in education and improving the skills and knowledge of the workforce.

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17
Q

Environmental Sustainability - Formal

A

Refers to ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources in the future.

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18
Q

Environment Sustainability - Aspects

A
  • Responsible development of infrastructure
  • Responsible use of nonrenewable resources and energy
  • Responsible agricultural productivity
  • Reducing emissions

Achieved through:
- Protecting natural resources
- Reducing pollution
- Reducing energy usage and promoting greater efficiency in the use of energy
- Encouraging industry and agriculture to use natural resources responsibly.

19
Q

Human Development

A

Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential, and lead productive, creative lives in accordance with their interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in their community, and decisions affecting lives.

20
Q

Human Development - P.P.P.C.C.K.H.D

A

Creating an environment in which people can:
- develop their full Potential
- lead Productive and creative lives
- Participate in the lives of the community
- expand and have Choices
- enhance their Capabilities
- have access to Knowledge
- have access to Health
- enjoy a Decent standard of living

21
Q

3 Dimensions of the HDI

A
  • Long and healthy life
  • Knowledge
  • A decent standard of living
22
Q

4 Indicators of the HDI

A
  • Life expectancy at birth
  • Mean years of schooling
  • Expected years of schooling
  • GNI
23
Q

HDI Ranking

A

Countries are assigned a number between 0 and 1. The closer the rating is to 1, the greater the level of development experienced:

Very high - >0.8
High - 0.7-0.799
Medium - 0.550-0.699
Low - <0.550

24
Q

HDI - Advantages

A
  • Considering more than just average incomes
  • Provides a more holistic account of human development experienced.
  • Easy to compare countries, and compare over time
  • Acknowledges and addresses the broader socio-economic factors impacting human development.
  • Raises awareness about the importance of human development globally
25
Q

HDI - Limitations

A
  • No survey data is collected
  • people’s own feelings about their own levels of human development are not accounted for.
  • Indicators are based on quantity over quality
  • Based on averages, don’t provide an indication of the inequalities which exist within a country
  • negates key components such as capabilities and choices.
26
Q

Safe Water

A

Access to water that, when consumed, will not be detrimental to health and is free from contaminants.

27
Q

Safe Water - Impact on Health and Wellbeing

A
  • The time taken by young children and women, to collect water is time away from school and work, limiting opportunities for developing relationships with peers and participating in the community or employment reducing social h+w
  • The lack of infrastructure and access to safe water can decrease the ability of farmers to grow crops and keep livestock alive, which may reduce the sense of belonging to the community in which they live, decreasing spiritual h+w
28
Q

Safe - Water Impact on Health Status

A
  • A lack of clean drinking water causes dehydration and under-nutrition, increasing BOD attributed to YLD.
  • As a result of using unsafe water to prepare infant formula, children can develop waterborne diseases such as cholera, increasing rates of infant mortality.
29
Q

Sanitation

A
  • Interventions that reduce human exposure to diseases by providing a clean environment in which to live.
  • Involves both behaviours and facilities, which work together to form a hygienic environment by safely separating human waste from human contact.
30
Q

Sanitation - Impact on Health and Wellbeing

A
  • Young children who play in an unsanitary environment are likely to develop many infections, diarrhoeal disease and illnesses, taking time away from school, reducing time spent developing relationships with friends and reducing social h+w
  • An unsanitary environment due to open defecation and animal wastes can contribute to contamination of waterways, increasing the risk of illness from food and water consumption, decreasing physical h+w
31
Q

Sanitation - Impact on Health Status

A
  • Young children, particularly those under 5, have a significant chance of developing diarrhoea due to a lack of sewage removal infrastructure, increasing U5MR.
  • Deaths from waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid increase rates of DALYs attributed to YLL
32
Q

Poverty

A
  • Living on less than $2.15 per day
  • Is a lack of access to resources such as food, safe water and sanitation, healthcare services, shelter and essential goods.
33
Q

Poverty - Impact on Health and Wellbeing

A
  • Poverty restricts the ability to afford a regular, nutritious food supply, leading to hunger and malnutrition, reducing physical h+w.
  • With a lack of access to income, people may not be able to provide family members with the resources needed for everyday life, decreasing feelings of accomplishment, reducing emotional h+w.
34
Q

Poverty - Impact on Health Status

A
  • Lower rates of immunisations, increasing rates of communicable diseases, increasing DALYs.
  • Lack of health literacy increases the risk of poor health behaviours, increasing the risk of diseases, such as STIs, increasing morbidity.
35
Q

Inequality and Discrimination

A

When a person, or a group of people, is treated less favourably than another person or group because of their background or certain personal characteristics such as race, religion, sex, sexual identity and gender identity.

36
Q

Inequality and Discrimination - Impact of Health and Wellbeing

A
  • Discrimination increases the chance of injury due to violence, self-harm or suicide and decreases physical h+w.
  • Discrimination can lead to feelings of insecurity, worthlessness and a fear of expressing feelings and emotions openly.
37
Q

Inequality and Discrimination - Impact on Health Status

A
  • Increased DALYs experienced due to malnutrition and associated illnesses due to discrimination, leading to reduced access to food.
  • Decreased life expectancy due to reduced access to healthcare to treat mental illness and increased suicide rates.
38
Q

Global Distribution and Marketing of Tobacco, Alcohol and Processed Foods

A

The globalised marketing of unhealthy products has opened wide the entry point for an increase in lifestyle-related chronic diseases, leading to the double BOD experienced in low and middle-income countries.

39
Q

Global Distribution and Marketing of Tobacco, Alcohol and Processed Foods - Impact on Health and Wellbeing

A
  • Alcohol-induced inflicted harm on family and others in the community can result in loss of network of friends and family, decreasing social h+w
  • Spending limited income on tobacco products rather than providing resources such as nutrient-dense food and safe water for families may result in increased stress and anxiety, decreasing mental h+w
40
Q

Global Distribution and Marketing of Tobacco, Alcohol and Processed Foods - Impact on Health Status

A
  • Low life expectancy due to an increase in CVD leading to premature mortality.
  • Increase in respiratory disease and lung cancer as a result of increased smoking of tobacco, increasing premature death and BOD attributable to YLL
41
Q

Social Sustainability - Informal

A
  • Equity
  • Meeting needs of present + future
  • Promoting needs of present + future
42
Q

Economic Sustainability - Informal

A
  • Efficient
  • Responsible
  • Available resources
  • Financial obligations (over time) can be met
43
Q
A

HHD - Unit 4 (2 decks)

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