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Cardiovascular System > Aortic Disease - Pathophysiology, Presentation, Investigation & Therapy > Flashcards

Aortic Disease - Pathophysiology, Presentation, Investigation & Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of aortic diseases?

A

Atherosclerosis

Aneurysm

Coarctation

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2
Q

What are risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A

Hypertension

Hypercholesterolaemia

Smoking

Diabetes

Family history

Males more than females (until menopause)

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3
Q

Are males or females more at risk of atherosclerosis?

A

Males, until females undergo menopause

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4
Q

What can atherosclerosis lead to?

A

Stroke

Myocardial infarction

Aneurysm

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5
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Localised enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the vessel wall

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6
Q

What is a localised enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the vessel wall called?

A

Aneurysm

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7
Q

How can aneurysms be classified?

A

By being true or false, and by the site

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8
Q

What are examples of true aneurysms?

A

Saccular and fusiform

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9
Q

What is A?

A

True aneurysm

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10
Q

What is B?

A

Succular aneurysm

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11
Q

What is C?

A

Fusiform aneurysm

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12
Q

What is D?

A

False aneurysm

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13
Q

What is E?

A

Dissecting aneurysm

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14
Q

What is a true aneurysm?

A

Weakness and dilation of the wall, involving 3 layers

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15
Q

What are true aneurysms associated with?

A

Hypertension

Atherosclerosis

Smoking

Collagen abnormalities (such as Marfan’s)

Trauma

Infection

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16
Q

What is a false aneurysm?

A

Rupture of the wall of the aorta with the haematoma either contained by the thin adventitial layer or the surrounding soft tissue

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17
Q

What is a false aneurysm associated with?

A

Inflammation (such as endocarditis)

Trauma

Iatrogenic

Thrill

Bruit

Pulsatile mass

Ischaemia

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18
Q

What are different classifications of aortic aneurysms by site?

A

Normal

Ascending aorta

Aortic arch

Descending aorta

Abdominal aorta

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19
Q

What are signs and symptoms of thoracic aneurysms?

A

Asymptomatic

Based on location:
Shortness of breath or even heart failure
Dysphagia and hoarseness (ascending aorta, chronic)
Sharp chest pain radiating to back (dissection)
Pulsatile mass
Hypotension

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20
Q

What is aortic dissection?

A

Tear in the inner wall of the aorta

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21
Q

What forces the walls apart in an aortic dissection?

A

Blood

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22
Q

What could an aortic dissection occlude?

A

Branches (such as mesenteric, carotid, renal or spinal)

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23
Q

What are the classifications of aortic dissection?

A

Type A (all dissections involving the ascending aorta, regardless of site of origin)

Type B (all dissections not involving the ascending aorta)

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24
Q

What are type A aortic dissections?

A

All dissections involving the ascending aorta regardless of site of origin

25
What are type B aortic dissections?
All dissections not involving the ascending aorta
26
What are aetiological factors for aortic dissection?
Hypertension Atherosclerosis Trauma Marfan's syndrome
27
What are symptoms of aortic dissection?
Tearing, severe chest pain (radiating to back) Collapse Inferior ST elevation
28
What can be seen on the examination of aortic dissection?
Reduced or absent peripheral pulses Hypo/hypertension Soft early diastolic murmur Pulmonary oedema
29
What investigations are done for aortic dissection?
Chest X-ray Diagnosis can be confirmed by echocardiogram or CT
30
What can confirm the diagnosis of aortic dissection?
Echocardiogram or CT
31
What does the treatment of aortic dissection depend on?
Whether is is type A or B
32
What is the treatment for type A aortic dissection?
Surgery
33
What is the treatment for type B aortic dessection?
Meticulous blood pressure control Sodium nitroprusside plus beta blocker
34
What could cause aortic dissection?
Infections and inflammation
35
What is an example of an infection that could cause aortic dissection?
Syphillis
36
What is an example of inflammation that could cause aortic dissection?
Takayasu's arteritis
37
What is Takayasu's arteritis?
Granulomatous vasculitis that affects aorta and main branches
38
Does Takayasu's arteritis affect more males or females?
Females
39
What are some causes of Takayasu's arteritis?
Stenosis Thrombosis Aneurysm Renal artery stenosis
40
What is the treatment of Takayasu's arteritis?
Steroids Surgery
41
What is syphilis?
STD caused by treponema pallidum
42
What is syphilis caused by?
Treponema pallidum
43
What are the different kinds of syphilis?
Primary and secondary
44
What can prevent the late stages of syphilis?
Antibiotics
45
What can congenital aortic aneurysm be caused by?
Bicuspid aortic valve Marfan's syndrome Coarctation
46
What are the problems of a bicuspid aortic valve?
Prone to stenosis and regurgitation Associated with coarctation
47
What is the prevalence of bicuspid aortic valve?
1-2%
48
What is aortic coarctation?
Narrowing of the aorta
49
What is narrowing of the aorta called?
Aortic coarctation
50
What are the 3 associated shunts due to aortic coarctation?
Ductus arteriosus Foramen ovale Ductus venosus
51
Where does aortic coarctation occur?
Close to where the ductus arteriosus insets (ligamentum arteriosum)
52
What are the 3 types of aortic coarctation?
Pre-ductal Ductal Post-ductal
53
What are signs of coarctation?
Cold legs Poor leg pulses If before subclavian artery (radial-radial and righ radial-femoral delay) If after subclavian artery (no radial-radial delay, right and left radio-femoral delay)
54
What are symptoms of coarctation?
Heart failure and failure to thrive in infancy Hypertension in later life
55
What imaging is used to diagnosis aortic coarctation?
Chest X-ray Chest MRI
56
What is Marfan's syndrome?
Genetic disorder that causes connective tissue weakness
57
What gene causes Marfan's syndrome?
Fibrillin 1 gene
58
What does Marfan's syndrome lead to?
Aortic/mitral valve prolapse or regurgitation Skeletal system problems Eye problems Aneurysm, dissection (vascular problems) Lung problems

Cardiovascular System (41 decks)

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