AO3

Question 1

Cheniaux et al-

Reliability of the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Answer 1

He had a psychiatrist diagnose patients with schizophrenia using the two classification systems ICD and DSM. 26 were diagnosed with SZ according to DSM and 44 according to ICD. Showcasing an unreliable diagnosis.

Question 2

Buckley et al-

Co-morbidity

Answer 2

50% of SZ patients have depression. 47% substance abuse and 23 OCD.

Question 3

Longenecker et al-

Gender bias.

Answer 3

Men are more likely to be diagnosed than women with SZ.

Question 4

Cotton et al-

Gender bias.

Answer 4

Women are less likely to be diagnosed due to better functioning.

Question 5

Escobar et al-

Cultural bias.

Answer 5

White psychiatrists over-interpret symptoms and distrust the honesty of African American patients.

Question 6

Tienari et al-

Biological explanations.

Answer 6

Adoption studies- The children of SZ sufferers are at a high risk of developing SZ even if adopted into a family with no history of SZ.

Question 7

Correlation Causation.

Answer 7

Just because a symptom is present in patients with SZ it does not mean it caused SZ as it could have been an effect.

Question 8

Lindstroem et al-

Dopamine Hypothesis.

Answer 8

The chemicals needed to produce dopamine are taken up faster in the brains of schizophrenia sufferers- suggesting they produce more dopamine.

Question 9

Read et al-

Family dysfunction as a risk factor

Answer 9

Reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and SZ; 69% of adult women and 59% of adult men suffered a history of physical and sexual abuse in childhood.

Question 10

Meltzer.

Biological therapies.

Answer 10

Concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics. It is effective in 30-50% treatment cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.

Question 11

Limitations of typical antipsychotics.

Answer 11

These drugs block dopamine action in the hypothalamus; an area of the brain related to the regulation of body systems. Results in high temperatures, delirium and possibly comas.

Question 12

Sameer Jauhar et al-

Psychological therapies.

Answer 12

Reviewed 34 studies of CBT for SZ and concluded it had a significant but small effect on positive and negative symptoms.

Question 13

Limitation of CBT.

Answer 13

Does not cure SZ but improves he quality of life by managing the symptoms.

Question 14

What’s the ethical issues with token economy?

Answer 14

The rewards are only available to SZ patients with mild symptoms and discriminates against those who have severe symptoms and discriminates against them.

Question 15

Interactionist Approach-

Diathesis Approach.

Answer 15

It is over simple as it recognises one gene to be responsible for SZ when multiple candidate genres are responsible.

Question 16

Tienari et al-

Interactionist approach.

Answer 16

Adopted children who lived in homes with high levels of criticisms and conflict and low levels of empathy were implicated in the development of SZ (when compared to a control group) at 36%. Peaceful homes only 5%.

Question 17

Bateson et al. (1956)

Answer 17

suggested the double bind theory, which suggests that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia

Question 18

Berger et al-

Answer 18

One strength of the double bind explanation comes from further empirical support provided by Berger (1965). They found that schizophrenics reported a higher recall of double bind statements by their mothers than non-schizophrenics. However, evidence may not be reliable as patient’s recall may be affected by their schizophrenia.

Question 19

One strength of the cognitive explanation.

Answer 19

A strength of the cognitive explanation is that it takes on board the nurture approach to the development of schizophrenia. For example, it suggests that schizophrenic behavior is the cause of environmental factors such as cognitive factors.

Question 20

One weakness of the cognitive explanation.

Answer 20

A second weakness of the cognitive model is that it is reductionist. The reason for this is because the approach does not consider other factors such as genes. It could be that the problems caused by low neurotransmitters creates the cognitive deficits. This suggests that the cognitive approach is oversimplistic when consider the explanation of schizophrenia.