AO1 key words

Question 1

Accent

Answer 1

Phonological aspects of how we speak

Question 2

Accent bar

Answer 2

Metaphorical way to suggest that there is a separation between his idea of potential success based on a person’s accent.

Question 3

Assimilation

Answer 3

changing the place of articulation of a consonant in order to match adjacent consonant sound

Question 4

Auxiliary verb

Answer 4

used along with a main verb to express tense, mood or voice

Question 5

closed network

Answer 5

people in a social network tending to know eachother

Question 6

community in practice

Answer 6

thought to have things in common such as values, judgments and forms of communication

Question 7

controlling topic

Answer 7

informal conversation the way a top develops is unpredictable. In institutions the topic is controlled by the powerful person

Question 8

convergence

Answer 8

speakers trying to make their speech resemble that of another speaker

Question 9

covert prestige

Answer 9

using non-standard for prestige

Question 10

corpus

Answer 10

encompasses the compilation and analysis of collections of spoken and written texts such as the source of evidence for describing the nature, structure and use of languages

Question 11

density

Answer 11

how many people there are in a social network

Question 12

descriptivism

Answer 12

non-judgemental approach analysing how language is used by speakers and writers

Question 13

dialect

Answer 13

lexical aspects of how we speak

Question 14

dialect levelling

Answer 14

the loss of regional accents and every accent or lexis becoming the same and therefore levelled.

Question 15

diminutive suffixes

Answer 15

suffices which indicate smallness such as ‘ess’

Question 16

dipthong

Answer 16

gliding vowel

Question 17

divergence

Answer 17

using language to distinguish themselves from others

Question 18

elaborated code

Answer 18

entails using context free sentences that are grammatically complex and detailed

Question 19

elision

Answer 19

when sounds are removed from a word in speech

Question 20

enforcing explicitness

Answer 20

a weaker person may use ambiguous or vague utterances. Powerful person may demand explicit answers.

Question 21

Ethnocentricity

Answer 21

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.

Question 22

formulation

Answer 22

summarising a speaker’s statement to develop understanding but to also maintain control

Question 23

gender similarities hypothesis

Answer 23

there are many more similarities than differences in the language that men and women use and many differences to do with other variables (Janet Hyde)

Question 24

Generic term

Answer 24

when a marked term is used to refer to both genders. Typically it will be male balanced. Actor to refer to men and women, mankind.

Question 25

Geographical mobility

Answer 25

the movement of people

Question 26

H dropping

Answer 26

H can be omitted so that house may sound more like ‘ouse’

Question 27

Hypercorrection

Answer 27

changing accent once there is more awareness of it (Labov)

Question 28

Inferential frameworks

Answer 28

making communication more efficient

Question 29

ING variation

Answer 29

may end words with the suffix /ING/ pronounce /in/ (g dropping) while some may add an additional /g/ sound

Question 30

interruption

Answer 30

a powerful person can interrupt and question whereas weaker person is limited to response

Question 31

Lexical asymmetry

Answer 31

refers to how words referring to men / women have the same literal meaning but different suggested meaning. Bachelor / Spinster

Question 32

Lexical gaps

Answer 32

When no equivalent word appears for one gender

Question 33

Lexical priming

Answer 33

describe the way that well-used words and phrases can carry an innate gender prejudice, for example, ‘a grumpy old man’

Question 34

L-vocalisation

Answer 34

when an /I/ sound in postvocalic position seems to be missing

Question 35

Marked terms

Answer 35

a term that has been marked by either ‘man’ ‘male’ ‘woman’ ‘female’ in order to indicate gender and show that something is a deviation from the stereotypical norm

Question 36

matched guise experiment

Answer 36

participants listening to the same speaker using a range of different accents and then passing judgement on them, based on factors such as honesty, trustworthiness, friendliness etc.

Question 37

multiple negation

Answer 37

double negative counteracting eachother

Question 38

multiplexity

Answer 38

number of separate social connections between two actors

Question 39

open networks

Answer 39

people in a social network tending to not know eachother

Question 40

overt prestige

Answer 40

using standard english for prestigue

Question 41

patronyms

Answer 41

names that relate to the male line of inheritance

Question 42

phatic talk

Answer 42

typically used to initiate and maintain social interactions and involves casual and non-substantive topics such as the weather, current events or personal interest

Question 43

prescriptivism

Answer 43

one variety of language is superior and should be promoted as such

Question 44

received pronunciation (RP)

Answer 44

most prestigious and non-regional accent

Question 45

restricted code

Answer 45

context bound, short and grammatically simple sentences

Question 46

rhoticity

Answer 46

whether /r/ is pronounced in post-vocalic position

Question 47

Sapir - whorf hypothesis

Answer 47

states that our language constructs the way we view the world and that it is impossible to see beyond it.

Question 48

socialisation

Answer 48

process by which we learn behaviours related to gender

Question 49

social signalling

Answer 49

a form of communication, such as an eye roll, the silent treatment, walking away or a smile

Question 50

social stratification

Answer 50

system of social standing

Question 51

standard english

Answer 51

associated with written english and is an agreed standard for writing

Question 52

TH fronting

Answer 52

process of shifting place of articulation forward in the mouth

Question 53

T glottaling

Answer 53

not fully pronouncing the /t/ phonemes when in word medial or word final position.