ao1 Flashcards
what is alpha bias
the tendency to exaggerate the differences between men and women. The consequence is that theories devalue one gender in comparison to the other
what is androcentrism
centred or focus on men, often to the neglect o exclucison of women
what is beta Bias
A tendency to minimise the differences between men and women. Such theories tend either to ignore questions about the lives of women, or assume that insights derived from studies of men will apply equally well to women
what is gender bias
The differential treatment or representation of men and women based on stereotypes rather than real differences
what is universality
The aim to develop theories that apply to all people, which may include real differences
what is cultural bias
The tendency to judge all people in terms of your own cultural assumptions. This distorts or biases your judgement
what is cultural relativism
the view that behaviour cannot be judged properly unless it is viewed in the context of the culture in which it originates
what is culture
the rules, customs, morals and ways of interacting that bind together members of a society or some other collection of people
what is ethnocentrism
Seeing things from the point of view of ourselves and our social group. Evaluating other groups of people using the standards and customs of one’s own culture.
what is an example of ethnocentrism
alpha bias - individualists attitudes towards attachment where independence is valued and dependence I seen as undesirable. In collectivist cultures dependence is seen as more highly valued
beta bias - the case of IQ testing above results from ethnocentrism where is was believed it was appropriate to use American IQ tests all over the world because there was an assumption that the americium standard was universal
what is an example of cultural relativism
alpha bias - Margret and Meads research in papa New Guinea where she initially concluded that there were gender differences due to culture, but later recognises that they were universals that men in all culture were more aggressive than women
beta bias - one of the symptoms of schizophrenia is to hear voices, however this is an experience that is common in some cultures, by assuming same rules apply to everyone
what is determinism
behaviour is controlled by external or internal factors acting upon the individual
what is free will
each individual has the power to make choices about their behaviour
what is hard determinism
the view that all behaviour can be predicted and there is no free will. The two are incompatible
what is soft determinism
a version of determinism that allows for some element of free will