Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Module 202 > Anxiety disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Which disorder has a higher prevalence in its epidemiology

A

Anxiety is more common than schizophrenia or bipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Three types of stress related and adjustment disorders

A
  • Acute Stress reaction
  • Adjustment disorder
  • PTSD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clinical picture of acute stress reaction

A
  • acute stress reaction lasts hours to 3 days
  • a response to exceptionally stressful events (physical/psychological)
  • Initial daze
  • mixed and usually changing picture
  • individual vulnerability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Typical symptoms of acute stress

A 
Feelings of being numb or dazed
Insomnia
Restlessness
Poor concentration
Autonomic arousal
Anger/Anxiety/Depression
Withdrawal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adjustment disorder

A

Wide range of emotional or behavioural symptoms
Stressor not necessarily life threatening
Out of proportion to stressor
Lasts up to 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

PTSD

A

Response to exceptionally threatening or catastrophic event
Experienced, witnessed, event tat involved actual or threatened death or serious injury or threat to physical integrity of self or others
Response involved intense fear, helplessness or horror

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

PTSD Symptoms

A 
Reexperiencing flashbacks/nightmares with the same emotional intensity which retraumatises them
Numbness/detachment
Avoidance
Hypervigilance/detachment
Insomnia
Anxiety/depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

PTSD stats

A

> 50% experience a traumatic event in life
Men experience more traumatic events than women
Women more likely to develop PTSD following trauma (except rape- men are more traumatised by it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PTSD course

A 
Usually immediate onset
Most recover within 1 year
Rape victims
- 94% at 2 weeks 
- 65% at 1 month 
- 42% at 6 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Generalised Anxiety disorders: Clinical picture

A

Symptoms are persistent
Symptoms are not restricted to or strongly predominating in any particular set of circumstances
Characteristic features:
- Worry and apprehension
- Headache and motor tension (restless/trembling)
- Autonomic hyperactivity (sweating/palpitations/dry mouth/epigastric discomfort/dizziness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Psychological symptoms of GAD

A 
Fearful anticipation (something bad is going to happen)
Irritability
Sensitivity to noise
Restlessness
Poor concentration
Worrying thoughts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Physical symptoms of GAD

A

GI: Dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, epigastric discomfort, excessive wind, frequent/loose motions
Respiratory: tight chest, difficulty inhaling, hyperventilation
CVS: Palpitations, chest pain, missed beats
Genitourinary: frequent/urgent micturition, erectile failure, dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea
Neuromuscular: tremor, paraesthesia, tinnitus, dizziness, headaches, muscular aches and pains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Additional symptoms of GAD

A

Sleep disturbances (insomnia, night terrors)
Sadness
Depersonalisation
Fixation with details

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Epidemiology of GAD

A

Lifetime prevalence: 8.9%
Women> men
Estimated to be 3x higher in patients in primary care clinics
High level of comorbidity especially simple phobias, social phobia, panic disorder and depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Aetiology of GAD

A

Genetic predisposition: modest role
Association with life events: Several studies found an association with stressful/traumatic events
Early environmental factors: Attachment theory (Caregivers play an important role in childs development. Disruption of the protective and secure base leads to withdrawal and depression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parenting in the aetiology of GAD

A

A healthy parent-child relationship fosters a sense of control over events (Responsiveness to childs efforts at engagement and encouragement of the child to explore and manipulate the environment).
A lack of warmth and encouragement leads to a general perception of personal inefficacy which may predispose to negative emotional states
Overprotection coupled with a lack of warmth and responsiveness toward the child could lead to anxiety
Mothers of anxious preschool children were (more critical and intrusive, less responsive to their children)
Compared to controls, adults who rated their parenting as more protective and less caring had higher trait anxiety scores and met more criteria for GAD and panic disorder
One hypothesis is that the relationship of these early parenting experiences to the subsequent development of anxiety or depression if mediated by the early formation of cognitive vulnerability best described as a sense of uncontrollability regarding future events in ones life

17
Q

Clinical picture of panic

A

Psychic: fear of losing control, going mad, fainting, dying, derealisation, depersonalisation
Somatic: palpitations, tachycardia, sweating, trembling, dyspnoea, choking, chest pain, nausea, butterflies, urgency, dizziness, faintness, parasthesia, chills/flushes

18
Q

Panic Ddx

A 
Endocrine (Hypoglycaemia, Phaecromocytoma, carcinoid)
Cardiovascular (arrythmia)
Respiratory (asthma)
Drugs 
Neurological (seizures, vestibular)
19
Q

Clinical picture of agoraphobia

A
  • Anxiety in specific context (away from home, in crowds, in situations they cannot easily leave)
    Presents with anxiety symptoms and panic attacks
    Anxious cognitions about fainting and loss of control are common
    Avoidance is common
20
Q

Epidemiology of panic

A

Panic attacks 7-9% of the population
Panic disorder: 1.5-2.5% lifetime prevalence
Onset has two peaks: 15-24 and 45-54

21
Q

Aetiology of panic

A

Genetic predisposition: modest inheritability suggested by family and twin studies.

Environmental factors: At least 50% encironmental influences (precipitating events in 60-96% of cases eg separation/loss/relationship difficulties/ new responsibilities. Traumatic early life events eg early parental separation, traumatic childood and early sexual abuse)

Biological models:
Panic attacks may be triggered in the locus coeruleus (increased firing associated with increased carbon dioxide). Noradrenargic agents stimulate attacks in sufferers.
SSRIs are effective but contradictory findings regarding the role of serotonin
GABA has a role (benzodiazepine agonists are clearly effective and antagonists aggravate attacks)
CCK causes panic attacks in animals and pentagastrin causes attacks in panic disorder patients

22
Q

Clinical picture of specific phobias

A

inappropriate anxiety in the presence of one or more particular objects or situations
Characterised by additing the name of the stimulus
Subtypes:
- blood, injection, injury
- animals and insects
- aspects of the natural environment
- situational
- other eg dental/medical procedures/choking

23
Q

Specific phobias responses

A

Individuals with blood-injection-injury phobias exhibit a biphasic anxiety reaction:
- initial short-lived sympathetic arousal
- followed by parasympathetic arousal
- may result in vasovagal syncope
- the subjective experience tends to disgust and repulsion rather than pure apprehension
In other subtypes, exposure to the phobic stimulus evokes intense anxiety that may meet the criteria for a situationally bound panic attack
There is extreme apprehension and desire to escape or avoid the phobic stimulus

24
Q

Aetiology of specific phobias

A

Genetics: all specific phobias have evidence for genetic transmission

Psychological theories:

  • Psychoanalytic approach: symptoms related to unresolved unconscious conflicts
  • classical conditioning: phobias are learned through association of negative experience with an object or situation
  • Marks preparedness theory maintains that commonly feared objects are ones that historically threatened the survival of the individual or the species.
  • large number of studies suggest that phobias may be acquired via observational learning
25
Q

Clinical picture of social phobia

A

Inappropriate anxiety in
- situations where the person is observed
- situations where there is potential for criticism
Leads to avoidance of trigger situations:
- eating in public
- dinner parties
- committees, seminars, public speaking

26
Q

Symptoms of social phobia

A

Anticipatory anxiety
Feeling anxious
Blushing
Trembling (observed writing is a problem)
Relieved by alcohol (potential for abuse)

27
Q

Aetiology of social phobia

A

Both genetis and environmental factors contribute, with genetics contributing <1/3 of the variance in the transmission. Monozygotic> dizygotic

28
Q

Clinical picture of OCD

A 
Obsessional thoughts/images
- words, ideas, beliefs and images
- recognised as own
- intrude forcibly into the mind
- they are resisted
Compulsions reduce anxiety
cleaning/checking
precision- just right
29
Q

Epidemiology of OCD

A

Men- women
During adolescence boys> girls
man age of onset about 20 y o
prevalence 2-3 %

30
Q

OCD comorbidity

A 
Major depressive episode
increased lifetime risk for 
- alcohol disorders
- social phobia
- specific phobia
- panic disorder
- eating disorder
- schizophrenia
- tic disorders
increased prevalence  of tourrettes syndrome in relatives
31
Q

Aetiology of OCF genetics

A

Monozygotic»»> dizygotic

first degree relatives of patients with childhood-onset OCD have a higher than expected incidence of OCD

Module 202 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions