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Psychiatry > Anxiety disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety disorders Flashcards

1
Q

List three models of stress

A

Biomechanical engineering
Medicophysiological
Psychological (transactional)

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2
Q

Give two main types of coping mechanism

A

Problem-focused

Emotion-focused

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3
Q

List the main symptom groups associated with anxiety

A 
Psychological arousal
Autonomic arousal
Muscle tension
Hyperventilation
Sleep disturbance
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4
Q

List the features of psychological arousal

A 
Fearful Anticipation
Irritability
Sensitivity to noise
Poor concentration
Worrying Thoughts
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5
Q

List the symptoms associated with muscle tension in anxiety

A

Tremor
Headache (bilateral, frontal/occipital)
Muscle pain

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6
Q

List the symptoms/signs associated with hyperventilation

A

Hypocapnia
Numbness/tingling in extremities
Carpopedal spasm
Breathlessness

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7
Q

List the features of sleep disturbance in anxiety disorders

A

Initial insomnia
Frequent waking
Nightmares and night terrors
(not early morning wakening)

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8
Q

List the GI features of autonomic arousal

A

Dry mouth
Swallowing difficulty
Dyspepsia, nausea
Frequent loose bowel movements

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9
Q

List the respiratory and CVS features of autonomic arousal

A

Tight chest
Difficulty inhaling
Palpitations/missed beats
Chest pain

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10
Q

List the genitourinary features of autonomic arousal

A

Frequency/urgency of micturition
Amenorrhoea
Erectile dysfunction

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11
Q

List the CNS symptoms of autonomic arousal

A

Dizziness

Sweating

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12
Q

What is the difference between generalised anxiety disorder and phobias?

A

GAD occurs persistently, whereas phobias are linked to specific circumstances

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13
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

panic attacks occur intermittently but are not associated with a specific object/place/circumstance

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14
Q

What psychiatric conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis for someone presenting with anxiety?

A

Depression
Schizophrenia
Dementia
Substance Misuse

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15
Q

What physical conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis for someone presenting with anxiety?

A

Thyrotoxicosis
Phaeochromoctoma
Hypoglycaemia
Asthma and or Arrhythmias

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16
Q

What are the management options for anxiety disorders?

A

Counselling, including education
Relaxation training
Medication
CBT

17
Q

What sort of education can help patients with anxiety?

A

Explanation of physical stress response etc

Advice re caffeine, alcohol, exercise etc

18
Q

What medications can be used to help patients with anxiety

A

Antidepressants (SSRIs or TCAs)

Sedatives occasionally used but high risk of dependency

19
Q

What symptoms are most prominant in social phobia?

A

Blushing

Tremor

20
Q

What issues may be specifically addressed in CBT for patients with social phobia?

A

o Negative views of self
o “Safety barriers”
o Unrealistically high standards
o Excessive self-monitoring

21
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

anxiety and panic symptoms associated with places or situations where escape may be difficult or embarrassing, leading to avoidance

22
Q

What sorts of thoughts are often experienced by patients with OCD?

A

Obsessional thoughts:
• Ideas, images or impulses
• Occurring repeatedly not willed
• Unpleasant and distressing (often the antithesis of personality type)
o Obscene
o Violent or senseless
• Recognised as the individual’s own thoughts

23
Q

What are the key features, besides obsessional thoughts, of OCD?

A

Compulsive acts or rituals:
• Stereotypical behaviours repeated again and again
• Not enjoyable
• Not helpful i.e. do not result in useful activity
• Often viewed by sufferer as
o Preventing some harm to self or others; “magical undoing”
o Viewed as pointless and resisted with key anxiety symptoms accompanying resistance

24
Q

What medications can be used to treat patients with OCD?

A

• Serotonergic Antidepressant Drugs
o SSRI eg Fluoxetine
o Clomipramine

25
Q

What is a last-resort treatment for OCD?

A

Psychosurgery

26
Q

What is PTSD?

A

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Delayed and/or protracted reaction to a stressor of exceptional severity (i.e. a stressor that would distress anyone)

27
Q

Give six examples of stressors which can give rise to PTSD

A
  • Combat
  • Natural or manmade disaster
  • Rape
  • Assault
  • Torture
  • Witnessing any of the above
28
Q

What are the three cardinal features of PTSD?

A

Hyperarousal
Re-experiencing phenomena e.g. flashbacks/nightmares
Avoidance of reminders

29
Q

Which disorder can be treated with the help of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing?

A

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Psychiatry (10 decks)

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