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Neuropharmacology > Anxiety > Flashcards

Anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

psychological symptoms
of anxiety

A

-fearful anticipation
- Anxiety out of proportion to stimulus
- memory impairment

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2
Q

physical symptoms of anxiety

A

shaky, hot and sweaty
(autonomical systems)

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3
Q

problems with self treatement of aniety

A

Avoidance = greater fear

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4
Q

what do doctors prescribe

A

tranquillisers = traditional
then changing to current anxiolytics
then referral to psychologist

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5
Q

True or false
anxiety is co-morbid with other mental health issues

A
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6
Q

what is the name of the theory ‘the different pressues acting on the same process’

A

stress syndrome

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7
Q

what is eustress

A

Acute stress

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8
Q

what is the symptoms of eustress

A

tachycardia
hypertension
sweating
alert/ on-edge
GI activity = butterflies
anxiety

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9
Q

response to eustress is also called

A

fight or flight

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10
Q

what is Distress

A

chronic stress

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11
Q

what are the physical symptoms of Distress

A

tarchycardia, hypertension, shortness of breath and sweating
generalised muscle ache and tension headache
GI problems (ulcers)

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12
Q

psycholical symptoms of distress

A

memory imparment
insomina
irritabilty
depression
Worsened anxuety

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13
Q

how does Distress develope

A

pressure wether mental or physical (pain) is constant

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14
Q

when does anxiety disorder occur

A

when it interferes with normal life

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15
Q

what is the 5 type of anxiety disorder

A
  • GAD- generalised anxiety disorder
  • OCD - obsessive complusive disorders
  • panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia)
  • phobic disorders
  • PTSD = reexperiences past trauma
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16
Q

which two anxiety disorders constrast each other

A

GAD and panic disorder
Gad is persistant and panic disorder is short intense periods

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17
Q

what are the core characteristics of any anxiety disorders

A

fear and avoidance behavours

18
Q

why are some people more likely to develop anxiety disorders

A

-genetic predisposition
-behavioural inhibtion temperment (in childrens cauisng low threshold for amygdala arousal)
-early experience of lack of control of situation e.g neglect
-Active avoidance of anxiety-provoking situtations

19
Q

whta is the three main parts of the biological basis of anxiety

A

CNS, autonomic NS and HPA axis

20
Q

how is the CNS linked to anxiety

A
  • The CNS has the amygdala
21
Q

how does the amygdla repsond to stress/threat

A

sensory stimuli respond to thalamus which then activates the baso lateral amygdala nuerones

22
Q

how do we know that teh amygdala is response for innate fear

A

lesion studies using mice

23
Q

how is fear learnt ?

A

association of stimulus with an emotional reposne which is stored as a emotional memory in the prefrontal medial cortex
a linked is then created with the stimulus to the memory
when presented with the same stimulus the amygdala will co-ordiante a resposne

24
Q

how does the amygdala co-ordinate a response to a fear stimulus

A

striatm - psychomotor activity
locus coreuleus - arousal/ agitation
hypothalamus
amygdala release CRF and activated the three areas above

25
Q

what is CRF

A

corticotrophin releasing factor (hormone)

26
Q

how is CRF linked to stress and fear response

A

CRF mRNA is greater expressed in animal which undergo psychological stress

27
Q

what happens when CRF is injected in the cerebral aqueduct

A

increase in non-ambulatory activity such as rearing up ect compared to amulatory
increase locomotor activity slighly
higher CRF levels inhibits spontanous activity and locomotor activity - frezzing

28
Q

what is the automonic resposne to fear

A

Locus coreleus released noradrenalin activing vagal response (parasympathetic)
-increase urination + GI

29
Q

what does the hypothalmus cause

A

activates symoatic NS
fight/flight resposne is activatied by increase cardiac function in anticipations
tachycardia, hypertension, sweating

30
Q

what is the endocrine response to fear/stress

A

hypothalums release CRF to pituitary whihc released Adrenocorticotrophin hormone activating the adrenals
releasing adrenalin - sympathic NS and Cortisol

31
Q

What happens to the endocrine resposne in a Normal stress response

A

due to negative feedback, glucocorticoud/mineralcortiod receptors cause shut of CRF release

32
Q

what occurs in people suffering from PTSD

A

lower threshold for amygdala activation
higher CRF levels
however a decrease in cortisol levels and others show no changes (may be due to age/sex?)

33
Q

why is it suggested that PSTD patients have varying amounts of cortisol

A

more sensitive to glucocorticoid being released and therefore repsone is shut of quicker

34
Q

what is the signal of endocrine dysfuction in panic disorder

A
  • dont have increase CRH in CSF
  • increase/no difference in cortisol levels (depending on study)
    -some studys showing acth resposne has increase other didnt
    no changes in dexamethasmone response
35
Q

what is dysfuction of endocrine normally linked to

A

comorbiding
depression may be why there is varyong results

36
Q

True/False is noradrenline in resting plasma levels increase in people with anxiety disorders

A

False
- only in response to stress (this could be argued in Panic disorders as some studied showed no increase what responding to stress

37
Q

what is the evidence behind the increase in noradrenaline when people with anxiety disorder are responding to stress

A

evidence of A2 adreno disruption in people with anxiety disorders
when A2 adreno antagonist is adminstered to control an increase in noradrenaline levels
animals which were given corticosternone as well as antagonist didnt have raised levels

38
Q

what is the resukt of rats which underwent cold stress

A

increase of noradrenline in reposve to stress
decrease of A2 adreno expession in brain
noraml decerase in NA release in respeince to A2 adreno agonist is blunted

39
Q

what is seen in humans who suffer social anxiety disorder

A

normal increase in growth hormone levels in reponse to A2 adreno agonist is blunted

40
Q

Which AD shows evidence that response to A2 adreno agonist is exaggerated

A

panic

41
Q

Which AD shows evidence that response to A2 adreno antagonist is exaggerated

A

panic and PTSD

Neuropharmacology (2 decks)

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