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Antssss! Flashcards

1
Q

Gender identity

A

The gender a person identifies with among the

range of culturally appropriate possibilities.

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2
Q

Mana

A

An impersonal and powerful supernatural force that can

reside in people, animals, plants, and objects.

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3
Q

imitative magic

A

Performing a magical ritual on the likeness of someone or event to influence the real person or event.

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4
Q

contagious magic

A

Performing a magical ritual on something that has been in contact with someone to influence that person.

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5
Q

individualistic cult

A

The least complex type of religious organization in which each person is his or her own religious specialist.

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6
Q

shamanistic cult

A

A type of religious organization in which part-time religious specialists called shamans intervene with the deities
on behalf of their clients.

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7
Q

shaman

A

A part-time religious specialist who is thought to have supernatural powers by virtue of birth, training, or inspiration.

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8
Q

communal cult

A

A type of religious organization in which groups
of ordinary people conduct religious ceremonies for the well-being
of the total community.

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9
Q

quinceañera

A

A rite of passage for young girls in Latin American
cultures when they turn 15 years of age marking their transition
into womanhood.

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10
Q

communitas

A

The situation during the liminal phase of a rite of passage characterized by aequality and fellowship.

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11
Q

modernization theory

A

The idea that differences in economic

development may be explained by inherent socio-cultural differences between the rich and the poor.

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12
Q

world systems theory

A

The idea that the nations of the world
are connected in a systematic political and economic network of
exchange whereby the wealthy nations exploit the poorer ones.

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13
Q

E.B Tylor - IMPORTANT

A

Primitive culture,

Correlates 3 levels of social evolution to types of religion
savergry=animalistic (hunting, gathering, stone)
Barbarism=polytheism (settled, markets, rise of chiefs/ kings)
Civilization=monotheism (writing, urban, arts)

Sooner or later pass through these stages

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14
Q

Uniformitarian Principle

A

Uniformitarian Principle
Has its roots in geologic science - assumes that the processes that have physically
shaped the earth and which have gone on in the distant past will continue to occur in /
present and future
From tylor.

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15
Q

Bronislaw Malinow - IMPORTANT

A

Spends 2.5 yrs in the trobriand islands
Associated with functionalism and participant observation
FROM TEXTBOOK - critical of durkheims theory of religion and took a functionalist
perspective
O
Clear distinction between functions of science, magic and religion
I
• Inside view - emic
Observation
Outside (analytical) view - etic

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16
Q

Malinowski’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Basic needs:
Food, shelter, sex etc.
O
Universal
Supply a certain commonality to all human cultures and is ultimately what makes
them comparable
Make ethnology scientific
Assumptions:
Each culture responds to the particular needs of its members through institutions
Every institution centers around a fundamental need
Eg. tools function to provide food, shelter
The variation in the form of the institution is culturally determined

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17
Q

Claude Levi-Strauss

A

Claude Levi-Strauss
French antro who promoted and contributed to the development of structuralism
Life
Culture as a system of relations
• As we will see with culture and personality school, ‘cultural patterns’ emerge from
the human mind

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18
Q

stratified society

A

A society with a large
population that is divided into several
levels based on the degree of social
inequality.

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19
Q

Egalitarian

A

Little stratification and gaps between individuals or groups
Foragers with few possessions
Division of labour based on race and age
Lack clear structure

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20
Q

Ranked

A

Economies largely based on redistribution
Higher positions largely hereditary
Common in horticultural societies where surplus gives rise to resources and privileg
Divided into hierarchical ordered groups (eg. chief and his people)

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21
Q

Stratified

A

Greatest degree of social inequality
Large populations, state dust gov, market economies
Canada
Horizontal permanent levels of equality/inequality
Social Mobil limited

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22
Q

What is class?

A

Ranked group in stratified society with achieved status
Economics connections
Both ascribed and achieved status

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23
Q

What are webers 3 dimensions of stratification? (PPP)

A

Property (class)
Prestige (status)
Power (party)

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24
Q

What is caste?

A

Birth according to rank
Social mobility non existent
Marriage between no allowed
Ex: Hindu caste system

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25
What is absolute poverty? And relative poverty?
No nothing to live life, …
26
What is a status symbol?
Object etc to convey status ex: Rolex, sugar, cars=evolve over time.
27
What is the one drop rule?
Any black ancestry meant bearer of that blood is black.= made to determine racial categories/ prevent black peeps from voting and marrying into white partners/ making kids
28
What is a hypodesent?
The assignment of a child from a mixed race to an inferior status.
29
What is polygenics?
Humans have multiple origins
30
Samuel Morton (skull guy)
1840’s skull research, cranial capacity= intellengce euro vs. African awful crap
31
Examples of the eugenics movements?
Ex: 1928 Alberta sexual sterilization act (on gay people)
32
What is ethnicity?
Lingo/ culture characteristics and heritage identity with
33
Reverse discrimination
Dominant group is denied access to stuff by subordinate group
34
Example of ethnic cleansing?
Canadas residential schools!
35
What is a sumptuary law?
Clothes that define you to position/ class in society
36
Example of decentralized order?
Bands and tribes
37
Example of centralized order?
Chiefdoms and states
38
What is an age group?
In acephalous societies ones lacking leader, set of rules/ status for age. Infant school unit work legal careers
39
What is vigilantism?
Dealing out punishment to those you feel deserve it, reguarless of legal status
40
Example of mechanism of social control?
Gossip, social media shaming, cause damage
41
What is a positive sanction?
Social control with reward system ex: hour work=hour gaming
42
What is negative sanction?
Punishments for failing norms ex: speeding=ticket=take away
43
What are the 3 types of states? (TAD)
Totalitarian ( state has no power limit regulate all life public/ private) Autocratic (hovered with a absolute leader, no public decision making) ex: Korea Democratic (state responding to the will of the people, rests with citizens) Theocracy=power with god Dictatorship=one indivial law Monarchy= family power inherited
44
What is nation vs state?
Nation= shared identity/ culture State= political structure Nation-state=collision of political and cultural values and senilsibtes
45
What is a band?
30-40 peeps Kim based No formal political organization No socioeconomic stratification
46
What is the dunning Kruger effect?
cognitive bias whereby people with limited knowledge or competence in a given intellectual or social domain greatly overestimate their own knowledge or competence in that domain relative to objective criteria or to the performance of their peers or of people in general. You don't know what you don't know Beginner vs. a master Makes art contentious (everyone is viewing it differently with different perspectives and expertise)
47
Art defining
1. Creative 2. Response 3. Transform 4. Symbolic 5. Skill
48
Why are the three perspectives on art?
1. Functional 2. Iconographic 3. Aesthetic
49
What is neocolonialism?
Political and economic exploitation remains reflected in neocolonialism - the idea that developed countries and post-colonial powers maintain political and economic depepdency and exploitation of former colonies and less-developed countries
50
Types of anth perspective? (HRNCBR)
``` Holistic Relative Naturalistic Comparative Global Biocukthral Reflexive ```
51
What is theoretical knowledge vs practical knowledge?
T: what knowledge is about p: putting knowledge to practice
52
Tell me about blumembach
Humans into 5 races: Mongolian, Malayan, Ethiopian, causcauon, American Standard for 200 years
53
Tell me Samuel Morton
Skull guy, fuels eugenics movements
54
Tell me about Linnaeus (4 categories)
Humans 4 subspecies: euro, asians, Indians, Africans
55
Sarlo (poverty line) measures what?
Talks about relative poverty line measure inequality than poverty
56
Lammam ( poor/ rich)
Rich are getting richer but so are the poor
57
What is imatative magic & contagious magic? (Two types of magic)
Imatative: performing magic on the likeness of someone or event to include the person or event ex: voodo Contagious: performing ritual on something in contact with that person to influence them
58
Tell me about Emile durkenheim! (Sacred profane) (
Durkheim - IMPORTANT Argued religion enables people to transcend their individual identities and see themselves as part of a larger collective Goals were to describ and explain religion in "its most primitive and simple form" and to understand how ppl categorized things in relation to religious beliefs Believed most primitive or elementary form of religion was that of australian aborigines who practiced totemism Also believed societies divided the world into two ideal categories: sacred vs profane Profane - everyday world of the mundane existence and routine where nothing is special m Utilitarian and secular world work necessary for survival o Sacred beyon the everyday, beyond empirical nature and knowledge acquired by the senses Defined religion as a "unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden - beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a church, all those who adhere to them Magic for durkheim was a problem - not part of a community but was performed for
59
Tell me about Arnold van gennep( three distinct ritual phases)
Rites of passage first analyzed by him Considered initiation rites to be the most typical rite of passage Three distinct ritual phases; Separation - Stripping away old status Transition Also called the liminal phase Individual on threshold of new state Cut off from old status but not yet in new status Eg university students - no longer highschool students but not yet university graduates Incorporation - Ceremony in which the initiate may receive a new set of clothes or be physically marked in some
60
Clifford Geertz | Defined religion as:
Defined religion as: "(1) a system of symbols which acts to (2) establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by (3) formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and (4) clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that (5) the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic" Emphasizes important roles of symbols and emotion in religion
61
Malinowski | Critical of durkheism theory
Argued science involved observation of natural processes and careful reasoning about world - necessary for survival Magic gives ppl a sense of control Religion has both psychological and sociological functions o Reduces anxiety and provides sense of peace and well being Social function by providing moral code
62
Morton fries 3 types societies)
Egalitarian, rank and stratified sixties
63
Max webber
Social inequality as the differential or unequal access to the culturally valued resources of wealth, power and prestige Power can be defined as the ability to achieve ones goals nad objectives by controlling or influencing the behavior of others Prestige is the social esteem, respect or admiration that a society confers on people On religion: Claimed that protestant faith supported rise of capitalism in western societies
64
Wallace organized religions into 4 types of cults being…
Individualistic= no religious specialists, no complex (foraging) Shamanistic= part time specialist, intervene (foraging) Communal= ordinary peeps ceremonies for community (horticultural/pastoral) Ecclesiastical= complex, full time clergy (Industrialist economies)
65
What does acephalous mean?
Societies without political leaders
66
Evans ptchard (evil)
Witchcraft/ sorcery is evil. Sorcery= potions misfortune Witchcraft= inherent power to cage misfortune
67
Max webber believed three ways to be rule to be legit
Traditional authority= believed to be correct moral order Rational legal authority= system popular with legal support, elevated in accordance to the law Charismatic authority= followers like them because of their qualities

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