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Music History > Antiquity / Medieval > Flashcards

Antiquity / Medieval Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the oldest surviving instruments?

A

Bone Flutes from the Stone Age (40,000 BCE)

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2
Q

What are the first civilizations?

A

Mesopotamia

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3
Q

Who developed the first known forms of writing?

A

Sumerians

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4
Q

Who wrote earliest form of musical notation?

A

Babylonians in 1400-1250 BCE

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5
Q

The aulos (two-piped reed instrument) was used to worship who?

A

Dionysis, god of fertility and wine

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6
Q

The lyre (seven strings strummed with a plectrum) was associated with which god?

A

Apollo, god of light, prophecy, learning, and the arts

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7
Q

What is melos?

A

Monophonic single line, where music is as performing art

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8
Q

What is harmonia?

A

Unification of parts as orderly whole

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9
Q

Who discovered intervals as ratios (Octave as 2:1, 5th as 3:2, 4th as 4:3)?

A

Pythagoras

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10
Q

Who was a leading astronomer of antiquity and writer on music?

A

Ptolemy

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11
Q

What is ethos?

A

Music can affect your etho, or ethical character

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12
Q

Who believed that music affected behavior?

A

Aristotle

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13
Q

Which two harmoniai did Plato endorse?

A

Dorian and Phrygian – fostered temperance and courage

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14
Q

What is the greater perfect system?

A

Four tetrachords plus added lowest note to make 2-octave span

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15
Q

Who is credited with creating Gregorian Chants?

A

Pope Gregory I

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16
Q

When was the earliest notation used?

A

850

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17
Q

What did the earliest notation use?

A

Neumes – placed above words to indicate melodic gesture

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18
Q

Who is credited for creating the first staff?

A

Guido of Arezzo

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19
Q

Who wrote Die institutione musica (The Fundamentals of Music)?

A

Boethius

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20
Q

Who introduced solmization?

A

Guido of Arezzo

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21
Q

What do the syllables in solfege correspond to?

A

Notes in the first six phrases of the hymn Ut quent laxis

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22
Q

What is liturgy?

A

A form in which public worship is to be conducted

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23
Q

What are examples of chants at Christmas Mass?

A 
Introit announces birth
Gradual is revelation of salvation
Alleluia hails sanctified day
Offertory acknowledges God's dominion
Communion
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24
Q

What are styles of setting texts in chant?

A

Syllabic - every syllable has a note
Neumatic - one to six notes per syllable
Melismatic - long melodic passages on a single syllable

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25
Q

Who was the best-known composer of sacred monophony?

A

Hildegard of Bingen, who wrote Ordo virtutum

26
Q

Who promoted learning and artistic achievement and was the first emperor in Western Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire?

A

Charlemagne

27
Q

What are examples of Latin song?

A

Versus
Conductus
Goliard songs

28
Q

What is the chanson de geste?

A

Song of Deeds

29
Q

What are examples of professional musicians in Charlemagne’s time?

A

Bards: Celtic poet-singers
Jongleurs: lower-class itinerant traveling musicians
Minstrel: specialized musicians employed by nobles

30
Q

What did 12th-century guilds provide?

A

Legal protections, right to perform, rules for conduct

31
Q

Who were troubadours (female - trobairitz)?

A

12th-century French poet-composers in southern France

In Northern France, they were trouveres.

32
Q

What are vidas?

A

Lives recounted in fanciful biographies

33
Q

Who was Bernart de Ventadorn?

A

Most influential troubadour

34
Q

What are chansonniers?

A

Manuscript anthologies

35
Q

What is contrafactum?

A

New words to existing melodies

36
Q

True or false: Most of Troubadour songs are strophic (same music for each verse).

A

True

37
Q

What are different types of Troubadour song?

A

Alba (dawn song)
Canso (love song)
Tenso (debate song)

38
Q

Which is the only trobairitz song to survive with music?

A

A chantar by Comtessa de Dia

39
Q

What is Jeu de Robin et de Marion (The Play of Robin and Marion)?

A

Most famous musical play, by Adam de la Halle

40
Q

What happened in the 1208 Albigensian Crusade?

A

Aristocratic support for troubadours and trouveres collapsed.

41
Q

What are minnesinger and minnelieder?

A

Minnesinger are German knightly poet-musicians who wrote Minnelieder (love songs)

42
Q

What are laude?

A

Sacred Italian monophonic songs

43
Q

What are cantigas?

A

Medieval monophonic song, includes Cantigas de Santa Maria to honor the Virgin Mary

44
Q

In 1050-1300, the Church prospered and written polyphony inaugurated which four concepts in Western music?

A

Counterpoint
Harmony
Centrality of notation
Composition as distinct from performance

45
Q

What is a drone?

A

From antiquity – melody against sustained pitch (modal final)

46
Q

What is the first form of polyphony?

A

Organum, in 9th century. Had parallel organum and mixed parallel and oblique organum.

47
Q

What is discant style vs. florid organum?

A

Discant style - both notes move at similar rates

Florid organum - voices move at different rates

48
Q

What is the first notation since ancient Greece to indicate duration?

A

Notre Dame Polyphony

49
Q

What is a clausula?

A

Self-contained section of an organum

50
Q

What is Perotinus organum?

A

3- and 4-voice organa

51
Q

What is a motet?

A

Sacred, polyphonic short vocal pieces

52
Q

What is cantus firmus?

A

Existing melody, usually plainchant, on which new polyphonic work is based

53
Q

What is significant about Franconian notation?

A

Note shapes signified relative duration

54
Q

Which polyphony uses imperfect consonances in parallel motion?

A

English Polyphony

55
Q

What is rondellus?

A

Elaborate form of voice exchange

56
Q

What is rota?

A

Perpetual canon or round at the unison

57
Q

What is Ars Nova?

A

French, introduced by Philippe de Vitry, begins duple or imperfect division of note values. Modern notation is direct descendant.

58
Q

Who opposed Ars Nova?

A

Jacques de Liege in Speculum musicae (The Mirror of Music)

59
Q

Ars Nova also involved isorhythm. What is isorhythm, talea, and color?

A

Isorhythm is where (at least) one voice keeps the same rhythm (talea) throughout the piece. Color is a recurring segment of the melody.

60
Q

Who is the leading composer of French Ars Nova?

A

Guillaume de Machaut

61
Q

Some facts about Italian Trecento music?

A

Italian notation convenient for florid lines.
Secular polyphonic songs were largest surviving body of music.
Included madrigals (unaccompanied secular polyphonic vocal) and caccia (means “hunt”).

62
Q

Who was most famous musician/composer of Italian Trecento?

A

Francesco Landini

Music History (6 decks)

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