Antineoplastics Flashcards
____ is against new tissue formation- counteracts growth of malignant cells
Antineoplastic
____ is destructive cells especially to proliferative cells
Cytotoxic
Comfort
Palliative
______ is most serious adverse effect. Low wbc, SOB, fatigue, cold.
Myelosuppression
How do we fix myelosuppresion?
Iron containing food and protein
______ is a low platelet count
Thrombocytopenia
Low blood cell count
Anemia
Low wbc. Antibiotics are given at first sign of inf
Leukopenia
_____ is reproducing rapid cells
Proliferative
______ suppresses the immune system at risk for inf
Immunosuppressive
Loss of hair
Alopecia
Very irritating to the tissue is called ___
Vesicants
Treatment of cancer with chemicals
Chemotherapy
What is marks on the body and skin for radiation
Simulation
____ therapies are designed to target only cancer cells
Targeted therapies
Drugs to prevent nausea
Antiemetic
______ work by interfering with DNA synthesis
Antimetabolites
_____ is involved with DNA synthesis, repair, and cellular replication and are used involving rapidly proliferating neoplasms (new growth) there’s some injectables called methotrexate and fluorouracil.
Fluorouracil is also available in topical formulation to treat certain skin cancers
Antimetabolites
Xeloda- capecitabine
Oroxia-hydroxiurea
are under what med class
Antimetabolites
What is a side effect that stands out about antimetabolites
Bone marrow suppression and renal toxicity
What’s special about methotrexate dosing
It’s given once a week rather than daily basis
_____ is to treat brain tumor
Gelidale
Carmustine
_____ agents present cell growth by damaging DNA needed for reproduction. Can cause long term damage to the bone marrow.
Can eventually lead to leukemia 5-10 years after treatment
Alkylating agents
Alkylating agents cause which side effects
Mucosal ulceration
Neurotoxicity
Hemorrhagic Cystitis with cyclophosphamide (chemoprotectant)
Can be administered prior to chemo to prevent this toxicity
Pulmonary fibrosis
It is a vesicant
You cannot take a alkylating agent when pregnant or with renal disease
Know
____ inhibitors are often plant alkaloids and other compounds derived from natural products that block mitosis.
Potential cause peripheral nerve damage and myelosuppression which can be dose limiting side effects.
Mitotic
________ _____ are belban(vinblastine) or oncovin (vincristine) derived from the periwinkle plant and are used in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents.
A semisynthetic agent derived from vinblastine has been recommended as a treatment of choice for lung cancer in older patients
Plant alkaloids
Where is plant alkaloids given?
Spinal column
Plant alkaloids side effects
Numbness, tingling, ataxia, foot drop, pain in jaw, head, or extremities, and visual disturbances, severe constipation or diarrhea**, rash phototoxicity.
Vesicant
Don’t take if pregnant. Infection. Hepatic distinction, Geri patients
Know
_____ occurs when a drug or liquid intended for IV admin leaks into the surrounding tissue
Extravasation
Taxanes
_____ is another plant alkaloid. Extracted from the park of the western pacific yew. Used as a second line or subsequent therapy in patients with
Metastatic breast or ovarian carcinoma refractory to conventional chemo
Paclitaxel
——
Side effects for taxanes
Severe hypersensitivity
Severe, flushing rash, dyspnea, chest pain, hypotension, and bradycardia. Peripheral neuropathy
Vesicant.
Only admin through IV under constant supervision of oncologist with VS and facilities for an emergency. Only given in hospital setting.
NAB paclitaxel (abraxane) is the first approved albumin nanoparticle drug. Mixed with albumin nanoparticles which aft as a biological delivery agents to transport the drug to the needed site of action
____ antibiotics are used to treat a wide variety of malignancies. Docorubicin (adriamycin) is treatment protocols of breast, lung, gastric, and ovarian cancers and lymphoma.
Can pernamently damage the heart it a maximum lifetime dose is reached.
Daunorubicin (cerubidine) primarily used for acute leukemia because of the lower incidence of cardiotoxicity
Know
Anti tumor antibiotics side effects is
Cardiotoxicity including arrhythmias, congestive heart failures, cardiomyopathy, pneumonitis, dyspnea, pulmonary fibrosis with bleomycin.
Vesicant as well
_____ such as prednisone are used primarily for their suppressant effect on lymphocytes in leukemia and lymphoma.
Treatment of some types of cancer before chemo to prevent severe allergic reactions.
Effective in prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting.
Dexamethasone is also used to treat cerebral edema associated with brain tumors
Corticosteroids
Side effects of corticosteroids are
Fluid retention, edema.
Cuehingoid features, moon face: skin is fragile, raises blood sugar increased inf risk, weight gain. It’s blocks the action of normal hormones that cause cancer.
Know
A ____ agent belonging to a class of drugs called selective estrogen receptor modifiers. SERMS. Nolvdex(tamoxifen) binge to estrogen receptors. Can be a primary hormonal therapy both for metastatic estrogen receptor- positive breast cancer in both men and menopausal women. Also for PALLIATIVE TREATMENT.
** may prevent osteoporosis
Increases cholesterol and it’s a five year treatment
Antiestrogens
Antidepressants may he used to reduce the potency of tamoxifen.
Anastrozole(arimidex) and letrozole(femara) inhibit the final step in estrogen production and offer alternatives to tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Increase cholesterol and is a five year treatment
More than likely to CAUSE is osteoporosis
_____ drugs include leuprolide acetate. Suppresses testosterone production and is usually IM or SUBCU on monthly regimen. For prostate cancer. Also used for hormonal treatment for endometriosis
Antiandrogens
Antiandrogen
Bicalutamide (Casodex) is oral and interferes with the binding of testosterone to androgen receptors in the prostate and is used to simultaneously with leuprolide to treat metastatic prostate cancer.
Can cause impotence.
Know
___ therapy is also called immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier therapy. Designed to repair, stimulate, or enhance cancer patients natural immune system to more effectively recognize and attack cancer cells. Used to lessen side effects caused by certain cancer treatments
IM
SUBCUTANEOUS
IV
Biological
Interferon Alfa (intron A) which is the type most widely used in cancer treatment. Is a complex combination of many proteins that boost immune system response.
Treat certain leukemia’s, melanoma, kaposis sarcoma, non Hodgkin’s lymphoma, also used to treat hep B and C. MS
Flu like symptoms
GI symptoms
Nervous system effect - sleep disturbances. Depression
Hematological effects leukopenia and anemia. Dyspnea. Cough. Nasal congestion.
Alopecia
______ antibodies are exogenous (outside of the body) genetically engineered in the lab. Target only cancer cells.
Monoclonal antibodies
Angiogenesis inhibitors prevent the formation of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow and invade nearby tissue.
Avastin is the first line treatment for metastatic carcinoma of the highly vascularized colon, kidney or lung. May Only stop or slow growth of cancer but won’t completely eradicate it.
Herceptin is combined with paclitaxel and is first line treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
ALL ARE INTRAVENOUSLY
Know
Monoclonal antibodies
Severe reactions can be minimized by premeditating with acetaminophen, diphenhydramine (Benadryl) Demerol, avastin
Angioedema Hypersensitivity Cardiac arrhythmia Acute renal failure Hematological toxicity Gi perforation
Know
Targeted therapies
Signal transduction inhibitors
Fleeced is the first clinically useful agents for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The Majority of sti are given by the oral route.
Know
Vaccines
Preventive (prophylactic) intended to prevent cancer from developing in healthy people
Treatment (therapeutic) which are intended to treat an existing cancer by strengthening the body’s natural defense against the cancer
Know
Vaccines
The FDA approved gardasil and cervarix that protect against infection by the two types of HPV was hey cause cervical cancer.
Know
Vaccines
Patients who have latex allergy may be inappropriate candidates for the cervarix syringe as the tip cap has latex.
The first cancer treatment vaccine is sipuleucel T (Provenge) approved for some men with prostate cancer and is made from patients wbc to stimulate the patients immune system against the cancer and is manufactured individually
Know
Iodine 131 is a radioactive isotope indicated for patients with refractory non Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Also thyroid cancer Primary side effect is decreased blood count four to six weeks after treatment. Count remains low for two or three weeks then goes back to normal
Know
