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Pharmacology ERIN > antimicrobials FA > Flashcards

antimicrobials FA Flashcards

1
Q

how is penicillin V given ?

A

orally

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2
Q

how is penicillin G given?

A

IV or IM

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3
Q

MOA of pencillin G and V

A

bind PBPs and block transpeptidase cross-linking

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4
Q

clinical uses of penicillins G and V?

A

mostly gram +s

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5
Q

adverse effects of penicillins G and V ?

A

hypersensitivity reactions, direct Coombs + hemolytic anemia, drug-induced interstitial nephritis

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6
Q

Resistance mechanism of bacteria against penicillin G and V?

A

Beta-lactamase cleaves the B-lactam ring OR mutations in PBPs

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7
Q

What are the penicillinase-sensitive penicillins?

A

Amoxicillin, ampicillin, aminopenicillins

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8
Q

MOA of penicillinase-sensitive penicillins?

A

same as penicillin

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9
Q

clinical use of the aminopenicillins ?

A

extended spectrum - H influenza, h pylori, E coli, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella

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10
Q

What should you combine the aminopenicillins with?

A

clavulanic acid to prevent destruction by Beta lactamases

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11
Q

mechanism of resistance against the aminopenicillins?

A

penicillinase

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12
Q

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins names

A

dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin

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13
Q

MOA of penicillinase-resistant penicillins

A

same as penicillins

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14
Q

clinical uses of dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin?

A

Narrow spectrum. S aureus

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15
Q

adverse effects penicillinase-resistant penicillins

A

hypersensitivity reactions, interstitial nephritis

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16
Q

mechanism of resistance against dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin

A

MRSA alters PBP target site

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17
Q

Antipseudomonal penicillins names

A

piperacillin, ticarcillin

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18
Q

MOA of pipercillin/ticarcillin

A

same as penicillin

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19
Q

clinical use of pipercillin/ticarcillin

A

pseudomonas and gram - rods

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20
Q

adverse effects of pipercillin/ticarcillin

A

hypersensitivity

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21
Q

Cephalosporins MOA

A

Beta-lactams that inhibit cell wall synthesis

22
Q

names of 1st gen cephalosporins

A

cefazolin, cephalexin

23
Q

1st gen cephalosporins coverage

A

Gram + cocci + PEK (proteus mirabils, e coli, klebsiella)

24
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins names

A

cefaclor, cefoxtin, cefuroxime

25
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins uses

A

gram + cocci + HENS PEK (H influenza, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, E coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae

26
Q

what are the 3rd generation cephalosporins?

A

ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftazadine

27
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins clinical uses?

A

serious gram - infections including meningitis, gonorrhea, disseminated Lyme disease

28
Q

which 3rd gen cephalosporin has action against pseudomonas?

A

ceftazadime

29
Q

name the 4th gen cephalosporin

A

cefepime

30
Q

clinical uses of 4th gen cephalosporins

A

gram - organisms with increased activity against pseudomonas

31
Q

name of 5th gen cephalosporin

A

ceftaroline

32
Q

clinical uses of ceftaroline

A

broad gram + and gram - coveragine, covers MRSA and enterococcus feacalis

33
Q

does ceftaroline cover pseudomonas?

A

no

34
Q

adverse effects of cephalosporins

A

hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, disulfiram like reaction, vit K deficiency

35
Q

aminoglycosides and cephalosporins used together increase the risk of what?

A

nephrotoxicity

36
Q

mechanisms of resistance against cephalosporins?

A

cephalosporinases or structural change in PBPs

37
Q

What are the beta-lactamase inhibitors and what is their purpose?

A

clavulanic acid, avibactam, sulbactam, tazobactam

Added to penicillin antibiotics to prevent descrubtions by Beta-lactamase

38
Q

Name the carbapenems

A

Dorpenem, imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem

39
Q

What do you always administer carbapenems with?

A

Cilastin (inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I) to decrease inactivation of drug in renal tubules

40
Q

clinical uses of carbapenem

A

extended spectrum but use is limited to due serious side effects

41
Q

adverse effects of carbapenems

A

GI distress, rash, CNS toxicity (seizures) at high plasma levels

42
Q

Name a monobactam

A

aztreonam

43
Q

MOA of monobactams

A

bind to penicillin-binding protein 3

44
Q

monobactams are synergistic with what drug ?

A

aminoglycosides

45
Q

clinical use of monobactams?

A

gram - only

46
Q

monobactams are particularly useful for which pateints?

A

those with a penicillin allergy - no cross reactivity

47
Q

Vancomycin MOA

A

inhibits cell wall formation by binding D-Ala-D-Ala

48
Q

Vancomycin clinical use?

A

gram +s only - for serious multidrug resistant organisms

49
Q

adverse effects of vancomycin

A

nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis, red man syndrome, dress syndrome

50
Q

MOA of resistance to vancomycin

A

amino acid modification

Pharmacology ERIN (1 decks)

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