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Pharmacology > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ways in which bacterial resistance can come about

A

Chromosomal gene mutation

Conjugation - transfer from other bacteria directly

Transduction - transfer mutation through phages

Transformation - transfer of free DNA from another bacteria

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2
Q

Describe time dependent killing antimicrobials

A

Successful treatment requires prolonged antibiotic presence at site of infection but not at a high concentration

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3
Q

Describe concentration depending killing antibiotics

A

Successful treatment requires high antibiotic concentration at site of infection but not for too long

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4
Q

What is MDR

A

Multi-drug resistance - non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories

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5
Q

What is XDR

A

Extensive drug resistance - non-susceptibility to at least one agent in all but two or fewer antimicrobial categories

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6
Q

What is PDR

A

Pandrug resistance - non-susceptibility to all agents in all antimicrobial categories

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7
Q

Name some drugs that cause organ toxicity

A

Aminoglycoside - nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

Vancomyin - nephrotoxicity

Flucloxacillin - hepatotoxicity

Chloramphenicol - bone marrow toxicity

Linezolid - bone marrow toxicity

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8
Q

Name some antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

Methicillin resistant staph aureus

Glycopeptide intermediate susceptibility staph aureus

Glycopeptide resistant enterococci

Extended spectrum beta lactamase enterobacteriaceae

Extensively drug resistant klebsiella pneumoniae

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9
Q

Name some types of antivirals

A

Nucleoside inhibitors of viral DNA replication

M2 ion channel inhibitors

Neuraminidase inhibitors

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10
Q

Name some nucleoside inhibitors of viral DNA replication

A

Acyclovir

Valacyclovir

Valgancyclovir

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11
Q

Name some side effects of nucleoside inhibitors of viral DNA replication

A

Nausea

Vomiting

Photosensitivity

Nephrotoxicity

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12
Q

Name some M2 ion channel inhibitors

A

Amantadine

Rimantadine

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13
Q

Describe how M2 ion channel inhibitors work and what are the side effects

A

M2 ion channel inhibtors inhibit the M2 ion channel to reduce clinical symptoms of influenza

They inhibit viral uncoating

Have CNS and renal side effects

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14
Q

Name some neuraminidase inhibitors

A

Zanamivir - low bioavailabiltiy as degraded by acid

Oseltamivir - high bioavailability PO

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15
Q

Name some side effects of antibiotics

A

Nausea

Vomiting

Fever

Headache

Dizziness

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Pharmacology (28 decks)

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