Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

YEAR 2 > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Which 4 drug groups belong to the class of beta lactams?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are drugs that target the cell wall bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bactericidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name drug groups that target the cell wall?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactam

Glycopeptides
Fosfomycin
Bacitracin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do beta-lactams work?

A

Beta lactams bind to PBP (protein binding penicillin), a transpeptidase

PBP inhibited from cross-linking the pentapeptides = instability

Activation of autolytic pathways to cleave crosslinking

Water leaks in = cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which drug class would cause a rash in somebody with glandular fever?

A

Penicillins
Notably ampicillin and amoxicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which beta-lactams are not sensitive to beta-lactamases?

A

Carbapenems
Monobactams
Co-amoxiclav
Tazocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 4 mechanisms of resistance against beta-lactams

A

Hyperproduction of existing PBP (induce saturation of abx)

Mutation of PBP to produce a new PBP with a different active site

Production of beta-lactamases to inactivate beta-lactams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 2 beta-lactamase inhibitors?

A

Clavulanic avid
(added to amoxicillin = co-amoxiclav)
(added to ticarcillin = timentin)

Tazobactam
(added to piperacillin = tazocin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a notable side effect of carbapenems?

A

Reduces seizure threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are side effects of vancomycin?

A

Nephrotoxic
Ototoxic
Red man syndrome
Neutropenia
Hypotension
Steven-Johnson Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What other drugs should not be given in a severe penicillin allergy?

A

Cephalosporins
Carbapenems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do glycopeptides destroy the cell wall?

A

Binds to 2-d-alanine in the pentapeptide
This blocks the formation of cross-linking between the amino acids and peptide bonds between the peptidoglycan chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does fosfomycin destroy the cell wall?

A

Irrevseribly inhibits an enzyme that is required in the first step of cell wall synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does bacitracin destroy the cell wall?

A

Prevents dephosphorylation of transport proteins which inhibits cell wall synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How did MRSA come about?

A

Mutation in cell wall genes of bacteria = new PBP produced - different active site - penicillins no longer fit in the target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are 2 enzymes beta-lactamases can produce?

A

ESBL
CPE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do bacteria mediate resistance against glycopeptides?

A

Mediated by transposons = alterations in peptide chains = reduced affinity to glycopeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which penicillin has activity against pseudomonas?

A

Piperacillin
(+Tazobactam = tazocin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is vancomycin against?

A

MRSA
C.diff
Gram + -> staph, strep, bacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do polymyxins work and what is it active against?

A

Active against gram negative bacteria - outer membrane

Bind to LPS in the membrane - act as a detergent to disrupt the membrane = cellular permeability and demise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What antibiotics are used against the cell membrane and are they bactericidal or static?

A

Polymyxins - gram negative
Daptomycin - gram positive

Bactericidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does daptomycin disrupt the cell membrane and what is it active against?

A

Combines with calcium to form complex
Complex inserts in to cell membrane
Forms pore like structures
Allows potassium to leak out = cell death

Active against gram positive - inner membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which drugs work against the cell membranes?

A

Polymyxins
Daptomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does polymyxin work?

A

Binds to LPS in the membrane acting as a detergent to cause structural changes = cellular permeability

25
Q

What is polymyxin active against?

A

Gram negative - outer membrane

26
Q

What is daptomycin active against?

A

Gram positive - inner membrane

27
Q

How does daptomycin work?

A

Forms complex with calcium which facilitates the insertion into cell membrane - pore like structures in the membrane - potassium leaks out = cell death

28
Q

What is a side effect of daptomycin?

A

Skeletal muscle toxicity - rhabdomyolysis

29
Q

Which drugs inhibit enzymes in the folate synthesis pathway?

A

Sulphonamides
Trimethoprim

Reduced production of purines and pyrimidines - reduce growth - bacteriostatic

30
Q

What are side effects of fluoroquinoloes?

A

Tendon damage or rupture
Reduce seizure threshold
Aortic aneurysm and dissection

31
Q

What is the action of fluoroquinolones?

A

Stimulate the cutting part of DNA gyrase(relaxes the supercoil) but inhibits the ligase domain that repairs it together

32
Q

What is the action of metronidazole and nitrofurantoin?

A

Bind to nitroreductase which produces active metabolites of the drug and free radicals - this damages helical structure of DNA, RNA, the cell = cell death

33
Q

Which antibiotics work against the 50S subunit of ribosomes?

A

Macrolides
Chloramphenicol

Bacteriostatic

34
Q

Which antibiotics work against the 30S subunit of ribosomes?

A

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines

35
Q

Are aminoglycosides bacteriostatic or cidal?

A

Bactericidal

36
Q

Are tetracyclines bacteriostatic or cidal?

A

bacteriostatic

37
Q

Which abx are nephrotoxic and ototoxic?

A

Aminoglycosides
Vancomycin

38
Q

What are side effects of tetracyclines?

A

Photosensitivity
GI disturbance
Discolouration of teeth and bone deformation (high affinity for calcium so accumulate in the bone)

39
Q

What are side effects of chloramphenicol?

A

Grey baby syndrome
Aplastic anaemia

40
Q

What are side effects of macrolides?

A

QT prolongation
Cholestatic hepatitis
Eosinophilia
Rash
GI dysfunction

41
Q

Which abx can affect QT prolongation?

A

Macrolides
Fluoroquinolones

42
Q

Which abx can give a false Coombs test?

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporin

43
Q

Which abx can cause haemolytic anaemia in those with G6PD deficiency?

A

Nitrofurantoin
Fluoroquinolones

44
Q

Which abx should be avoided in pregnancy?

A

Fluoroquinolones
Sulphonamides
Tetracycles
Trimethoprim
Chloramphenicol

45
Q

Which abx after bactericidal?

A

Beta Lactams
Aminoglycosides
Glycopeptides
Polymyxin
Daptomycin
Fluoroquinolones
Nitrofurantoin
Metronidazole

46
Q

Which abx after bacteriostatic?

A

Chloramphenicol
Macrolides
Sulphonamides
Tetracyclines
Trimethoprim

47
Q

Which abx can cross the BBB?

A

IV ceftriaxone
IV vancomycin
IV meropenem
IV Penicillin G

48
Q

Which abx are used in respiratory?

A

Clarithromycin
Levofloxacin
Amoxicillin
Vancomycin
Ceftriaxone
Tazocin
Co-trimoxazole

49
Q

What bacteria dominates skin?

A

Gram positive
Staph, strep

50
Q

Which bacteria dominates UTIs?

A

Gram negative
E coli

51
Q

Which bacteria dominates intra-abdominal infections?

A

Gram negative
E.coli

52
Q

Which drug is used to fight against pseudomonas and neutropenic sepsis?

A

Tazocin

53
Q

What abx is used against MRSA

A

Glycopeptides - teicoplanin or vancomycin

54
Q

Which abx target ribosomes to disrupt protein synthesis?

A

Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Chloramphenicol
Macrolides

55
Q

Examples of gram positive aerobic bacilli…

A

Listeria
Bacillus

56
Q

Examples of gram positive anaerobic bacilli…

A

Clostridium

57
Q

Examples of gram positive cocci …

A

Staph
Strep

58
Q

Examples of gram negative bacilli…

A

Pseudomonas
Shigella
Salmonella
E.coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Haemophilus

59
Q

Examples of gram negative cocci…

A

Neisseria - gonorrhoeae/meningitidis
Moraxella

YEAR 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions