antimicrobials

Question 1

goal to prevent infection, or to prevent development of infection in someone who has signs

Answer 1

prophylaxis

Question 2

Tx based on experience and clinical observable information of suspected pathogen

Answer 2

Empiric therapy

Question 3

accepted as specific cure of a disease

Answer 3

definitive therapy

Question 4

organisms that live symbiotically within in human

Answer 4

normal flora

Question 5

process of newly introduced microorganism that successfully competew with normal flora

Answer 5

colonization

Question 6

invasion of pathogen that multiply and cause disease

Answer 6

infection

Question 7

proliferation of pathogen during antimicrobial Tx for another infection

Answer 7

superinfection

Question 8

passage of pathogen from one to an object to another

Answer 8

contamination

Question 9

kills bacteria

Answer 9

bactericidal

Question 10

prevent growth of bacteria

Answer 10

bacteriostatic

Question 11

whats the lowest conc of antibiotics that inhibits bacterial growth? An antibiotic must be above this dose to be effective

Answer 11

MIC (minimum inhibitory conc) ->susceptibility of suspected pathogen

Question 12

What minimum conc of antibiotic that kills bacteria?

Answer 12

MBC (minimum bactericidal conc)-> susceptibility of suspected pathogen

Question 13

bacteria developed method of being immune to effects of given antibiotic

Answer 13

resistant

Question 14

most favorable choice for an antibiotic

Answer 14

susceptible

Question 15

not clear answer as some colnies responded other didn’t-> confounding factor not allow for clear answer

Answer 15

Indeterminate

Question 16

why is site and severity important?

Answer 16

antibiotic needs to be able to reach tissue where bacteria are and location of infection give hints to whether bacteria is anaerobic or aerobic.

Question 17

host characteristic examples?

Answer 17

age, liver/kidney funct, perfusion, status of immune system, pregnant

Question 18

Antibotic characteristics

Answer 18

kinetic, dynamics, spectrum, cost, interactions, adverse effects

Question 19

response elicited by combining drugs is equal to combined response of both drugs. 1+1=@

Answer 19

Additive

Question 20

Response of combined drugs is greater than combined response 1+1=3

Answer 20

synergistic

Question 21

3 reasons to combine drugs?

Answer 21

1- treat serious infection before know type of bacteria
2- achieve synergistic inhibitory effect
3-prevent emergence of resistant organisms

Question 22

If one drug inhibits the CYP-mediated metabolism of another drug, the second drug will what?

Answer 22

May accumulate within the body to toxic levels.

Question 23

antibodies evoked by antigens with shared or similar idiotypic determinants may bind or cross reacte with each other’s respective antigens

Answer 23

cross-reaction

Question 24

cross reactivity and contraindication of beta lactam antibiotics

Answer 24

In patients with severe allergice reactions to any beta lactam antibiotic.

Question 25

Reasons for failure of treatment?

Answer 25

• viral/nonbacterial infection
• lack of definitive therapy
• failure to exceed MIC
• Failure to reach MBC
• Failure to reach infection location
• Drug-drug interactions

Question 26

genetic changes reason for treatment and protein expression changes:

Answer 26

genetic changes: spontaneous bacterial DNA mutations, plasmid transfer of resistance of DNA mutation
Protein expression changes: 
-target site modification
-decreased update of antibacterial agent
-enzymatic of agent