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Microbiology Chapter 12 > Antimicrobial Treatment > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

What are the origins of antimicrobial drugs?

A

Some microbes naturally produce antibiotics for antagonistic interactions, and other chemists modify or imitate these natural drugs.

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2
Q

What is prophylaxis?

A

Drug use to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk.

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3
Q

What is antimicrobial chemotherapy

A

The use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection.

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4
Q

What is antimicrobials?

A

An all-inclusive term for any antimicrobial drug regardless of what type of microorganisms it targets.

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5
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms or science created that can inhibit or destroy microorganisms.

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6
Q

What are semi-synthetic drugs?

A

Drugs that are chemically modified in a lab after being isolated from natural sources

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7
Q

What are synthetic drugs?

A

Drugs that are produced entirely by chemical reactions within a lab setting.

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8
Q

Narrow-spectrum (limited)

A

Antimicrobials are effective against a limited array of microbial types.

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9
Q

What is an example of a narrow spectrum?

A

Polymyxin or Isoniazid

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10
Q

What is broad spectrum (extended)

A

antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types

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11
Q

What is an example of a broad spectrum?

A

Tetracyclines or Carbapenems

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12
Q

What is the first factor to start antimicrobial therapy?

A

Identify the microorganism causing the infection asking the question “How can we determine this?”

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13
Q

What is the second factor to start antimicrobial therapy?

A

The degree of the microorganism’s sensitivity to various drugs by asking “What tests are usually used?”

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14
Q

What is the last and third factor to start antimicrobial therapy?

A

The overall medical condition of the patient by asking “Why is this a critical factor?”

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15
Q

Identification of the infectious agent from the body specimens should be attempted as soon as possible by __________

A

a direct examination of body fluids, sputum or stool, rapid initial method for detecting and perhaps identifying bacteria or fungi

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16
Q

How do we test for drug susceptibility (sensitivity)

A

Kirby-Bauer technique

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17
Q

What is the Kirby-Bauer technique?

A

A test showing antimicrobial susceptibility using large agar plates, bacterial lawn, and antibiotic-infused discs.

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18
Q

What is the etest alternative for the Kirby-Bauer procedure?

A

A MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) all by providing additional information on a drug’s effectiveness

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19
Q

Because drug toxicity is of concern, it is best to choose the one with __________

A

high selective toxicity for the infectious agent and low human toxicity.

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20
Q

What is a therapeutic index (TI)?

A

The ratio dosage of the drug that is toxic to humans to its minimum effective (therapeutic) dose

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21
Q

Why is patient history considered?

A

Its presents pre-existing medical conditions that will influence the activity of the drug or the responses of the patient, a history of allergy to certain drugs, and some human populations might require special precations.

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22
Q

If MIC and Therapeutic Index fail, the failure is usually due to:

A

The inability of the drug to diffuse onto the body compartment, resistant microbes, and infections caused by more than one pathogen which are some resistant to the drug.

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23
Q

An antibiotic with a therapeutic index of 4 is less toxic than one with a therapeutic index of 40.

A

TBA

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24
Q

Once antimicrobial susceptibility is established, choosing the right antibiotic is an easy process.

A

False

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25
Q

What is drug resistance?

A

Adaptive response in which microorganisms begin to tolerate an amount of drug that would ordinarily be inhibitory due to the genetic versatility and adaptability of microbial populations

26
Q

What is intrinsic resistance?

A

A genetic gene of microbe, bacteria must be resistant to any antibiotic that they themselves produce

27
Q

What is acquired resistance?

A

A developed bacteria resistance to a drug to which they were previously sensitive

28
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

Antimicrobial drugs should kill or inhibit microbial cells without simultaneously damaging the host cells.

29
Q

Drugs that act upon a structure common to both the infective agent and the host cell

A

become more similar to that of the host selective toxicity becomes more difficult.

30
Q

Specific drugs that target the cell wall are

A

Penicillins - suffix cillin, Cephalosporins - beginning in ceph & Carbapenems - suffix in nem

31
Q

Miscellaneous drugs targeting the cell wall

A

Bacitracin, Isoniazid, Vancomycin, Fosfomycin, & Tromethamine

32
Q

What are the primary sites of action of antimicrobial drugs on bacterial cells?

A

Cell Wall, Protein Synthesis, Folic Acid Synthesis, DNA or RNA and Cell membrane

33
Q

Antimicrobial drugs targeting protein synthesis?

A

Aminoglycoside, tetracyclines, glycyclines, & marcolides.

34
Q

What are some miscellaneous drugs for the target protein synthesis

A

CLS (clindamycin, linezolid, and synercid.

35
Q

In protein synthesis what are some broad spectrum durgs?

A

Aminoglycoside, tetracyclines, & macrolides.

36
Q

Antimicrobial drugs for folic acid synthesis?

A

Sulfonamides or any sulfa drugs which are synthetic drugs.

37
Q

Sulfamethaoxazole treats?

A

Acute urinary tractions infections

38
Q

Silver sulfadiazine treats?

A

Burns and eye infection

39
Q

Trimethoprim

A

A combination drug effect of sulfa-oxazole and synergistic

40
Q

Antimicrobial drugs targeting DNA or RNA

A

Fluoroquinolones as broad spectrum with side effects of seizures and brain distrubances and anything ending in -acin

41
Q

Anitimicrobial drugs targeting cell membranes

A

Polymyxin (narrow spectrum), E & B, and Daptomycin, they are toxic to the kidneys

42
Q

All penicillin drugs consist of 3 parts :

A

thiazolidine ring, a beta-lactam, and a variable side chain.

43
Q

Aminoglycoside drugs

A

Composed of one or more amino sugars and an aminocyclitol a 6 carbon ring

44
Q

Different phenotypes are expressed by biofilm bacteria

A

True

45
Q

Treatment of biofilms are partial successful strategies

A

Interrupting quorum sensing pathways and adding DNase to antibiotics

46
Q

Similarites between human cells means that drugs toxic to fungi are also capable of harming tissues.

A

True

47
Q

Agent drug used to treat fungal infections

A

Marcolide polyenes, Azoles, Echinocandines and Allylamines

48
Q

Macrolide Polyenes

A

Amphotericin B can be used to treat skin, mucous membrane lesions and the injectable form can treat histoplasmosis.

49
Q

Azoles

A

Anything with suffix zoles, used to treat infections in the skin, mouth, and vagina

50
Q

Echinocandins

A

Anything with suffix fungin, they inhibit fungal cell wall synthesis

51
Q

Allylamines

A

Terbinafine and Naftifine, used to treat ringworm and other cutaneous mycoses.

52
Q

Antimalarial drugs : Quinine

A

A principal treatment for 100 of years & replaced with chloroquine and primaquine with less toxicity

53
Q

Chemotherapy for protozoan infections

A

Metronidazole and Ameobicide

54
Q

Antihelminthic drug therapy

A

Mebendazole and Albendazole, they inhibit the function of microtubule in worms, eggs and larvae

55
Q

Pyrantel

A

An antihelminthic drug therapy that paralyzes the muscles of intestinal roundworms

56
Q

Praziquantel and Ivermectin

A

Antihelminthic drug therapy

57
Q

Nearly 80% of all antibiotics in the US are given to

A

livestock

58
Q

Overgrowth of certain microbes due to antibiotic therapy is known as

A

superinfection

59
Q

_______ Have been used in eastern europe to effectively treat bacterial infections

A

Bacteriophages

60
Q

An antibiotic that acts on the bacterial cell wall will have no effect on human cell

A

True

61
Q

An antioboitic that acts on the bacterial ribosome will have no effect on a human cell

A

False

Microbiology Chapter 12 (1 decks)

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