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PCTH 325 > Antimicrobial Pharmacology > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Microorganisms (+ examples)

A

Organisms of microscopic sizes, consisting of single or clustered cells
Eg. Virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae

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2
Q

Viruses

A

Microscopic, acellular, metabolically inert, intracellular organisms

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3
Q

COVID-19 Virus characteristics

A
  1. Single-stranded RNA virus with the largest genome among RNA viruses
  2. Has genomic proofreading mechanism to weed out mutations = resistant to antivirals
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4
Q

COVID-19 replication process

A
  1. Spike protein binds to ACE2 receptor, virus endocytosed
  2. Uncoating: RNA/genetic material enters
  3. Translation: mRNAs bind to ribosomes
  4. Genome replication
  5. Assembly of structural proteins to make new virus = excocytosed
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5
Q

Sotrovimab

A

Antiviral designed to attach to the spike protein of COVID-19
Prevents viral cell entry

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6
Q

Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (Paxlovid)

A

Antiviral that inhibits the metabolism of Nirmatrelvir = prevent protein assembly

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7
Q

Ribavirin

A

Inhibits viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP)

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8
Q

Remdesivir

A

RdRP inhibitor

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9
Q

Remdesivir mechanism

A

Resembles ATP molecules and competes with nucleotides during viral RNA synthesis

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10
Q

Types of Vaccines

A
  1. Viral vector (doesn’t integrate virus DNA into host cell)
  2. mRNA
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11
Q

Bacteria

A

Microscopic, single-celled, prokaryotic, reproduce via fission/spores

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12
Q

Shapes of bacteria (3)

A
  1. Cocci (spherical)
  2. Bacilli (rod-shaped)
  3. Spiral
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13
Q

Gram positive bacteria (+example)

A

Thick cell wall
Eg. Staphylococcus

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14
Q

Gram negative bacteria (+example)

A

Thin cell wall, often pathogenic
Eg. E. coli

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15
Q

Anaerobe (+example)

A

Can survive without O2
Eg. Clostridium

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16
Q

Factors affecting antimicrobial efficacy

A
  1. Penetrating site of infection
  2. Achieving concentration above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) during dosing interval
17
Q

Expand on the factors within ‘penetrating site of infection’ that affects antimicrobial efficacy

A
  1. Physical barriers for the drug to travel (ex. Epithelial and endothelial cells, and the type of junction between cells)
  2. Chemical properties of the drug (ex. Hydrophilic or hydrophobic)
  3. Presence of multidrug transporters (ex. P-glycoprotein)
18
Q

MIC

A

Minimum inhibitory Concentration:
Lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits visible growth of microorganism after overnight incubation

19
Q

MBC

A

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration:
Lowest concentration of antibiotic required to kill microorganism

20
Q

Ratio of MBC to MIC:
MBC:MIC <= 4 is?
MBC:MIC >4 is?

A

MBC:MIC <= 4 -> bactericidal (antibody kills bacteria)
MBC:MIC >4 -> bacteriostatic (antibody prevents further replication)

21
Q

Rate of killing bacteria/inhibiting growth are:

A
  1. Time-dependent (length of time above MIC to kill/suppress growth)
  2. Concentration-dependent (increasing conc. above MIC to kill/suppress growth)
22
Q

Β-lactam Antibiotics (ex + mechanism of action)

A

Ex. Penicillins
Inhibit synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall

23
Q

Macrolides (ex + mechanism of action)

A

Ex. Azithromycin
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding reversibly to 50S bacterial ribosome subunit

24
Q

Aminoglycosides (ex + mechanism of action)

A

Eg. Gentamicin
Interfere with bacteria protein synthesis by binding irreversibly to 30S and 50S bacterial ribosome subunit. This creates fissures in bacteria outer membrane -> defective bacterial cell membrane

25
Q

Tetracyclines (ex + mechanism of action)

A

Eg. Doxycycline
Inhibit bacteria protein synthesis by binding reversibly to 30S bacterial ribosome subunit. May also cause changes to cytoplasmic membrane

26
Q

Sulfonamides (ex + mechanism of action)

A

Eg. Sulfamethoxazole
Interfere with folic acid synthesis (important for proteins) by inhibiting dihydropteroate synthetase + preventing addition of PABA into folic acid

27
Q

Quinolones (ex + mechanism of action)

A

Eg. Ciprofloxacin
Inhibit DNA gyrase/topoisomerase -> inhibit relaxation of supercoiled DNA -> inhibit DNA replication

28
Q

Glycopeptides (ex + mechanism of action)

A

Eg. Vancomycin
Binds to D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of cell wall precursor units ->inhibit cell wall formation in gram positive bacteria

29
Q

Oxazolidinone (ex + mechanism of action)

A

Eg. Linezolid
Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to P site of 50s ribosomal subunits

30
Q

Antibiotic Side Effects (10)

A
  1. rash
  2. diarrhea
  3. abdominal pain
  4. nausea/vomiting
  5. drug fever
  6. hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions
  7. photosensitivity
  8. headache
  9. dizziness
  10. taste alterations
31
Q

Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance (6)

A
  1. Decreasing entry of antibiotics into pathogen
  2. Increasing the export of antibiotic by efflux pumps
  3. Release of microbial enzymes that destroy antibiotic
  4. Alteration of microbial proteins that transform pro-drugs to effective moieties
  5. Alteration of target proteins (minimizes antibody binding)
  6. Development of alternative pathways to those inhibited by antibiotic

PCTH 325 (19 decks)

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