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Microbiology Lecture > ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY > Flashcards

ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a part of the history of chemotherapy

A

Paul Ehrlich

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2
Q

the use of chemicals (drugs) to treat any disease or condition

A

Chemotherapy

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3
Q

he discovered penicillin, produced by Penicillium

A

Fleming

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4
Q

P. notatum was soon replaced by

A

P. chrysogenum

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5
Q

caused ”_______” to S. aureus on his plate

A

antibiosis

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6
Q

performed the first clinical trials of penicillin

A

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

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7
Q

Microorganism
Gram-Positive Rods

Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus polymyxa

A

Antibiotic
Gram-Positive Rods

Bacitracin
Polymyxin

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8
Q

Microorganism
Actinomycetes

Streptomyces nodosus
Streptomyces venezuelae

A

Microorganism
Actinomycetes

Amphotericin B
Chloramphenicol

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9
Q

Microorganism
Actinomycetes

Streptomyces aureofaciens
Streptomyces erythraeus

A

Microorganism
Actinomycetes

Chlortetracycline and tetracycline
Erythromycin

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10
Q

Microorganism
Actinomycetes

Streptomyces fradiae
Streptomyces griseus
Micromonospora purpureae

A

Microorganism
Actinomycetes

Neomycin
Streptomycin
Gentamicin

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11
Q

Microorganism
Fungi

Cephalosporium spp.
Penicillium griseofulvum
Penicillium notatum

A

Microorganism
Fungi

Cephalothin
Griseofulvin
Penicillin

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12
Q

adverse effects of antibiotics

A

Diarrhea
Superinfections
Nephrotoxic
Ototoxic
Neurotoxic
Hepatotoxic (aminoglycosides, quinolones)

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13
Q

T or F

allergy to penicillin is 0.7% to 1.0% of patients

A

true

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14
Q

antibiotics which are not for pregnant women and children

A

tetracycline

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15
Q

antibiotics which can cause drug-induced lupus

A

isoniazid

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16
Q

T or F

suppression and alteration of microflora is another drawback of antibiotics

A

true

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17
Q

two types of spectrum drugs

A

narrow-spectrum drug
broad-spectrum drug

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18
Q

antimicrobial that act on a limited number of
microbial species

A

narrow-spectrum drug

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19
Q

valuable for non-responsive pathogens to broad spectrum

A

narrow-spectrum drug

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20
Q

act on a wide range of species with wider medical use

A

broad-spectrum drug

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21
Q

modes of action of antibiotics

A

bactericidal or bacteriostatic

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22
Q

damage to cell membranes

A

bring about changes in permeability

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23
Q

damage to cell membranes
Polymyxin B binds to

A

phospholipids

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24
Q

antifungal drugs combine with _______ in the fungal plasma membrane

A

sterols (ergosterol)

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25
Q

INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Binds to 50S portion and inhibits the formation of peptide bond

A

Chloramphenicol
(streptomyces venezeula)

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26
Q

INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Binds to 50S portion, prevents translocation-movement of ribosome along mRNA

A

Erythromycin
(streptomyces erythraeus)

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27
Q

INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Interfere with the attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex

A

Tetracyclines
(streptomyces aureofaciens)

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28
Q

INTERFERENCE WITH NUCLEIC ACID

bactericidal compounds that inhibit bacterial DNA from unwinding and duplicating through inhibition of the topoisomerase II ligase domain.

A

Quinolones

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29
Q

INTERFERENCE WITH NUCLEIC ACID

this leads to _______ and by catalyzing the passage of DNA segments within the cuts before closing them and though leading to rapid cell death

A

transitory DNA fragmentation

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30
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

Sulfa drugs
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim

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31
Q

widely used growth factor analog

A

sulfa drugs

32
Q

simplest sulfa drugs

A

sulfonamides

33
Q

sulfonamides factors

A

Analog of PABA
Inhibit folic acid synthesis
Broad spectrum

34
Q

used in combination making resistance a rare occurrence

A

Trimethoprim

35
Q

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

A

B-Lactam Antibiotics
Monobactams
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Polypeptide

36
Q

Produced from a G (-) bacterium, Chromobacterium violaceum

A

Monobactams

37
Q

a G (-) bacterium

A

Chromobacterium violaceum

38
Q

Active against aerobic G (-) bacteria

A

monobactams

39
Q

Not inactivated by penicillinases or cephalosporinases

A

monobactams

40
Q

Wide spectrum of antibacterial activity

A

carbapenems

41
Q

Inhibits aerobic and anaerobic G(+) & G(-) bacteria, including those that produce ß-lactamases.

A

carbapenems

42
Q

asemisynthetic carbapenem produced by chemical modification of thienamycin.

A

Imipenem

43
Q

2nd, 3rd , and 4th generations more effective against gram-negatives

A

cephalosporins

44
Q

core compound of cephalosporins

A

7- aminocephalosporanic acid

45
Q

Produced from the Cephalosporium (now reclassified as Acremonium)

A

cephaosporin

46
Q

Binds irreversibly to PBPs and resistant to B-lactamases

A

cephalosporin

47
Q

Anti-mycobacterium antibiotics

A

Isoniazid
Ethambutol

48
Q

Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis

A

Isoniazid

49
Q

Inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid, a secondary drug

A

Ethambutol

50
Q

inhibitors of protein synthesis

A

aminoglycosides
tetracyclines & macrolides
chloramphenicol

51
Q

Broad spectrum
Changes shape of 30S subunit

A

aminoglycosides

52
Q

Streptomcyin is

A

neurotoxic and nephrotoxic

53
Q

Broad spectrum
Interferes with tRNA attachment
Widely used in veterinary medicine; nutritional supplements for poultry and swine

A

Tetracyclines

54
Q

against gram-positives
Binds 50S, prevents translocation
Erythromycin – best known
Broadspectrum

A

Macrolides

55
Q

Broad spectrum
Binds 50S subunit, inhibits peptide bond formation
Adverse: Suppression of bone marrow activity

A

Chloramphenicol

56
Q

Binds 50S subunit, prevents formation of 70S ribosome
Gram-positives

A

Oxazolidinones

57
Q

Binds 50S subunit, inhibits translation

A

Streptogramins and Synercid

58
Q

while effective against 70S only affects mitochondrial 70S at higher concentrations

A

Tetracycline

59
Q

T or F
lipids most inhibits only ribosomes of one phylogenetic domain

A

false, proteins

60
Q

50 CELLS ATe 30 ribosomes

A

CELLS = 50 RIBOSOMES
C = chloramphenicol
E = erythromycin (macroslides)
L = lincosamodes
L = linezolid
S = streptogramins

ATe = 30
A = aminoglycosides
T = tetracycline

61
Q

POLYMYXIN B: INJURY TO THE

A

plasma membrane

62
Q

From B. polymyxa

A

POLYMYXIN B

63
Q

Bactericidal by interfering with bacterial cell membrane phospholipids and disrupting their structure.

A

POLYMYXIN B

64
Q

Effective against gram-negative bacteria
Topical
Combined with bacitracin and neomycinin over-the-counter preparation

A

POLYMYXIN B

65
Q

primarily target the bacterial membrane and disrupt them, causing lethality

A

Polymyxins

66
Q

polymyxin bind also to and disrupt the negatively charged ______

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

67
Q

polymyxin bind also to and disrupt the negatively charged lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, allowing the passage of the polymyxin (and of other drugs) into the

A

periplasmic space.

68
Q

cause nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in humans, limiting their usability.

A

polymyxin b

69
Q

antifungal agents mode of action

A

By inhibition of cell wall synthesis
By binding with cell membrane sterols
By interfering with sterol synthesis
By blocking mitosis (microtubules)
By inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

70
Q

antiprotozoal agents modes of action

A

Interfering with DNA or RNA synthesis
Interfering with protozoal metabolism

71
Q

antiprotozoan

A

Quinine (anti-malaria)
Quinacrine (anti-giardiasis)
Iodoquinol (anti-amoeba)
Metronidazole (anti-anaerobic)

72
Q

two types of Quinine (anti-malaria)

A

Chloroquine
Mefloquine

73
Q

ANTIVIRAL DRUGS: ENZYME INHIBITORS
Protease inhibitors

A

Indinavir: HIV

74
Q

ANTIVIRAL DRUGS: ENZYME INHIBITORS
Inhibit attachment

A

Zanamivir: Influenza

75
Q

ANTIVIRAL DRUGS: ENZYME INHIBITORS
Inhibit uncoating

A

Amantadine: Influenza

76
Q

ANTIVIRAL DRUGS: ENZYME INHIBITORS
Interferons prevent spread of viruses to new cells

A

Viral hepatitis

Microbiology Lecture (1 decks)

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