Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1

Question 1

What is a bactericidal?

Answer 1

Antimicrobial that kills bacteria.

Question 2

What is a bacteriostatic?

Answer 2

Antimicrobial that inhibits growth of bacteria.

Question 3

What is a sensitive organism?

Answer 3

Inhibited or killed by antimicrobial available at site of infection.

Question 4

What is a resistant organism?

Answer 4

Not inhibited or killed by antimicrobial available at the site of infection.

Question 5

What does MIC stand for?

Answer 5

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration

Question 6

What is MIC?

Answer 6

Minimum concentration of antimicrobial needed to inhibit visible growth.

Question 7

What does MBC stand for?

Answer 7

Minimal bactericidal concentration.

Question 8

What is MBC?

Answer 8

Minimum concentration of antimicrobial needed to kill a given organism.

Question 9

What are the 3 routes of administration?

Answer 9

Topical
Systemic
Parenteral

Question 10

How are topical routes administered?

Answer 10

Applied to a surface

Question 11

How are systemic routes administered?

Answer 11

Taken internally, either orally or parenterally.

Question 12

How are parenteral routes administered?

Answer 12

Either intravenously or intramuscularly.

Question 13

What will inhibit cell wall synthesis?

Answer 13

Penicillin

Question 14

Why are humans not affected by antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis?

Answer 14

They don’t have a cell wall.

Question 15

What can glycopeptides do to gram negative organisms?

Answer 15

Nothing

Question 16

How are glycopeptides given?

Answer 16

Parenterly

Question 17

What type of bacteria do aminoglycosides affect?

Answer 17

Serious gram-negative infections.

Question 18

What reaction do aminoglycosides inhibit?

Answer 18

Protein synthesis

Question 19

What are a useful alternative to penicillins in treatment of gram-positive infections?

Answer 19

Macrolides

Question 20

What are staph. aureus, strep pyogenes and strep pneumoniae highly resistant to?

Answer 20

Tetracyclines

Question 21

How can oxazolidinones be given?

Answer 21

Orally

Question 22

What does daptomycin, cyclic lipopeptide, work actively against?

Answer 22

Gram positive (MRSA in particular).

Question 23

How do antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

Answer 23

Interrupting the supply of precursors.

Question 24

What is trimethoprim commonly used for?

Answer 24

UTIs

Question 25

How are fluoroquinolones taken?

Answer 25

Orally and parenterally

Question 26

How do fluoroquinolones attack DNA?

Answer 26

Directly

Question 27

What type of bacteria do fluoroquinolones work against?

Answer 27

Gram negative

Question 28

What type of bacteria is ciprofloxacin effective against?

Answer 28

Gram negative

Question 29

Who can't get ciprofloxacin?

Answer 29

Children

Question 30

In some cases all strains can be naturally resistant to antibiotics. True or false?

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What is strep always resistant to?

Answer 31

Vancomycin

Question 32

What is required to test sensitivity?

Answer 32

Laboratory sensitivity testing.

Question 33

What is a spontaneous mutation?

Answer 33

Change in structure of function which no longer allows antibiotic to act.

Question 34

What is spread of resistance?

Answer 34

Gene for resistance spread from organism to organism or species to species. Can be carried on plasmids or transposons.

Question 35

What does widespread use of antibiotics cause?

Answer 35

Selective advantage

Question 36

What are beta-lactamases?

Answer 36

Bacterial enzymes which cleave the beta-lactam ring of the antibiotic and render it inactive.

Question 37

What hospital strains produce beta-lactamase?

Answer 37

Staph aureus

Question 38

What type of bacteria are beta-lactamase common in?

Answer 38

Gram-negative

Question 39

What are the two ways to combat beta-lactamase?

Answer 39

Introduce a second component to protect the antibiotic from enzyme degradation. Modify antibiotic side chain to produce new antibiotic resistance.

Question 40

What produces extended spectrum beta-lactamase?

Answer 40

Gram negative organisms.

Question 41

What are some gram negative organisms becoming resistant to?

Answer 41

Carbapenems

Question 42

How do microorganisms develop resistance to beta-lactams?

Answer 42

Changing their structure of their penicillin binding proteins.

Question 43

What is the biggest case of PBP changing?

Answer 43

MRSA

Question 44

What does MRSA produce?

Answer 44

Beta-lactamase

Question 45

What is MRSA resistant to?

Answer 45

Penicillins

Question 46

What type of bacteria have become resistant to vancomycin?

Answer 46

Enterococci

Question 47

What happens in vancomycin resistant enterococci?

Answer 47

Peptidoglycan precursor which is normally bound to has an altered structure.

Question 48

What type of bacteria is rarely vancomycin resistant?

Answer 48

Gram positive