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Antimicrobial Agents Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 classes of antimicrobial agents?

A

antibacterial
antivirals
antifungals

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2
Q

T-F–life destroys life among the lower species?

A

True

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3
Q

When was penicillin discovered? by who

A

1929, fleming

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4
Q

When was sulfanilamide discovered?

A

1936

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5
Q

The ideal antimicrobial agent acts selectively on what? What 4 ways is this achieved?

A
  1. the pathogen and not the host

2. unique cell structure, unique biochem paths, altered component affinities, prodrug converted only by pathogen

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6
Q

Review/memorize the 5 factors that determine cidal vs. static activity

A
  1. drug’s mechanism
  2. microbe’s state of growth
  3. concentration of drug on organism
  4. type of microbe
  5. drug’s spectrum of activity
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7
Q

What is the general rule of thumb for antibiotics in the blood?

A

should exceed the

MIC by 2-8X to offset tissue barriers to infection site

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8
Q

What does narrow spectrum antibiotic mean?

A

mainly effective against G+ or G- microbes, lower risk for superinfections

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9
Q

What does extended spectrum antibiotic mean?

A

affects a variety of G+ and G- bacteria

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10
Q

What does broad spectrum antibiotic mean?

A

Affects both G+ and G-, and other organisms

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11
Q

Are all the broad spectrum antibacterials bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bacteriostatic

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12
Q

What reflects the margin of
safety expected when using an antimicrobial agent
at its effective dose?

A

Chemotherapeutic index

TD50/ED50

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13
Q

Does clinical effectiveness depend on maximal efficacy more or less than potency?

A

maximal efficacy

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14
Q

Review the list of factors influencing efficacy

A
  1. Host-immune function, pharmacokinetics, age, preg, genetics, allergy, eidemiologic exposure, compliance
  2. Microbe-type and variability, body burden, growth rate, environment/site
  3. drug drug interaction- synergy, antagonism, PK effects
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15
Q

What are the 3 reasons for antimicrobial drug resistance?

A
  1. Misdiagnosis
  2. inherent microbial resistance
  3. Acquired microbial resistance
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16
Q

What are the 3 ways microbial resistance is acquired?

A

a. Drug fails to reach target
b. Drug is inactivated
c. Drug target is altered

17
Q

What are the common ways of genetic drug resistance? non-genetic?

A
  1. chromosomal resistance, sex-plasmid and transposon mediated (transformation, transduction, conjugation)
  2. growth latency, anaerobic conditions, protoplasts
18
Q

Review some epidemiology of resistance problems

A

2 million patients get infection in hospital–90,000 of them die
-70% of bacteria causing infections are drug resistant

19
Q

What are the 3 major drug resistant bacteria?

A

strep pneumoniae, MRSA, VRE

20
Q

What are 4 methods of avoiding drug resistance?

A
  1. use only when needed
  2. select the best antibiotic for the organism
  3. use doses to establish effective concentrations for effective times
  4. Use multiple drug therapy only when indicated
21
Q

When is combination antimicrobial therapy valid? 4

A
  1. severe infection of unknown cause
  2. polymicrobial infections
  3. enhancement of antibacterial effects in treatment of specific infections
  4. prevent emergence of resistant microorganisms
22
Q

What are the 3 potential results of combination antimicrobial therapy?

A
  1. antagonism
  2. addition
  3. synergism
23
Q

What are the 2 main characteristics of antagonism between drugs?

A

a. Cidal plus static agents

b. Metabolizing enzyme induced

24
Q

What are the 3 main types of synergy in combination antimicrobial therapy?

A

a. Blockade of sequential steps in pathway
b. Inhibition of drug-inactivating enzyme
c. Enhancement of drug uptake

25
Q

What are the 3 main disadvantages of combination antimicrobial therapy?

A
  1. Super-toxicity
  2. Antagonism
  3. Selection for drug-resistant bugs

INCREASED COST TOO

26
Q

Prophylaxis represents 30-50% administered antibiotics in the US. When is prophylaxis commonly used?

A
  1. pre-surgery in patients with indwelling medical devices
  2. prevent wound infection following surgery
  3. sexual contacts of patients with STDs
27
Q

Review the general considerations for appropriate antibiotic use?

A
  1. General health of patient (immune function,
    severity of infection)
  2. Where advisable, narrow spectrum agents
    preferred
  3. Nosocomial infections – drug resistance
  4. Cost
  5. Cidal vs static
  6. Dose alteration
  7. Drug delivery
    • Oral, parenteral (IV, IM, insoluble salts), topical
28
Q

What are 4 adverse effects of antimicrobial therapy?

A
  1. Allergy
  2. super infection
  3. organ toxicity
  4. Selection of resistant microorganisms

4 Pharm Self (17 decks)

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