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Bacteriology > Antimicrobial Agents And Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Agents And Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Flashcards

1
Q

Limited spectrum of action

A

Narrow spectrum

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2
Q

Wide spectrum of action

A

Broad spectrum

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3
Q

Kill or destroy organism

A

Bacteriocidal agents

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4
Q

Inhibits the growth of microorganisms

A

Bacteriostatic agents

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5
Q

Agents that target the peptidoglycan layer

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

  • Beta Lactam drugs
  • Glycoproteins
  • D-Cycloserine
  • Bacitracin
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6
Q

MOA: formation of covalent complexes with enzymes that generate peptidoglycan molecule
-target: enzyme producing the link

A

Beta Lactam drugs

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7
Q

Similar structure of Beta Lactam drugs. This bond is found in the peptidoglycan layer

A

D-alanyl D-alanine

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8
Q

Examples of beta lactam drugs

A

Penicillin
-Penicillin G
-Penicillin V
-Aminopenicillins (Ampicillin, amoxicillin)
-Penicillinase Resistant Penicillina (methicillin, oxacillin)
Cephalosporins

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9
Q

MOA: binds to terminal D-Ala D-Ala of the pentapeptidyl-glycosyl peptidoglycan intermediates

  • target: substrate (D-Ala D-Ala) needed for the enzymatic reaction
  • inhibiting the transpeptidation step of cell wall synthesis
  • Vancomycin
A

Glycopeptides

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10
Q

Activity is limited to Gr+ org.

Treatment of infections caused by staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci

A

Glycopeptides

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11
Q

True or false:

Gr- organisms are resistant to vancomycin

A

True

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12
Q

MOA: inhibit the synthesis of the peptidoglycan precursors in the cytoplasm

A

Cycloserine

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13
Q

MOA: inhibits the recycling of certain metabolites required for peptidoglycan synthesis
-toxic: limited to topical application

A

Bacitracin

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14
Q

MOA: act like detergents which interact with phospholipids increasing permeability leading to leakages of macromolecules and ions essential for cell survival
-Gram-

A

Polymyxins (Ploymyxin B and Collistrin)

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15
Q

More effective against Gr- organisms

Agent of P. aeruginosa and acinetobacter infections

A

Polymyxins

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16
Q

Why are polymyxins toxic?

A

Because it do not just target the cell membrane of the bacteria, but also the cell mem. of humans

17
Q

It is an important precursor in DNA synthesis of bacteria

A

Folate

18
Q

What are the enzymes mediationg folate synthesis?

A
  • Dihydropteroate synthase

- Dihydrofolate reductase

19
Q

MOA: blocks formation of 7,8 dihydropteroate by competitively inhibiting the binding of the analogue paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA) with dihydropteroate synthase

A

Sulfonamides (Sulfamethoxazole)

20
Q

MOA: blocks the step leading to formation of tetrahydrofolate by preventing dihydrofolate reductase mediated recycing of folate coenzymes

A

Trimethoprim

21
Q

MOA: bind and interfere with DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

  • bacteriocidal
  • toxicity: tendinitis
  • Nalibdic acid (example)
  • for enterics, pseudomonads, staphylococcus, streptococcus, neisseria
A

Fluoroquinolones (Quinolones)

22
Q

MOA: nitro group is REDUCED by nitroreductase leading to generation of cytotoxic compounds and free radicals that disrupt DNA
-must be in reduced form to work

A

Metronidazole

23
Q

What is the effective environment of metronidazole?

A

Anaerobic environment

For anaerobes, microaerophiles, and protozoans

24
Q

MOA: binds to DNA dependent RNA polymerase to inhibit RNA synthesis
-primarily for gram+ org
-for tb
Side effect: red urine

A

Rifamycins (rifamin/rifampicin)

25
Q

MOA: inhibits translation through inhibition of elongation step
-broad spectrum
Toxic: aplastic anemia (pancytopenia), gray baby syndrome
-used for typhoid fever back then

A

Chloramphenicol

26
Q

MOA: inhibits translation through inhibition to 23s of RNA of the 50s ribosomal subunit
-mostly bacteriostatic
For gr+ (mycoplasma, treponemes, reickettsia)

A

Macrolides

27
Q

Causes pseudomembranous colitis

A

Clindamycin

28
Q

Drug of choice for legionnaire’s disease, community acquired pneumonia

A

Erythromycin

29
Q

Inhibits protein synthesis by interacting with 23s rRNA
Inhibits initiation ofbtranslocation of mRNA
For gr+ and mycobacteria

A

Linezolid (Oxazolidinones)

30
Q

MOA: inhibits protein synthesis by binding reversibly to the 30s ribosomal subunit
-broad spectrum
Toxicity:
-GI irritation
-phototoxic dermatitis
-toxic to liver and kidney
-discolored teeth and depressed bone growth

Take this with full stomach
Don’t give to pregnant woman

A

Tetracycline and Doxycycline

31
Q

Often used together with penicillins in order to diffuse and enter bacterial cell
Ex. Streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, neomycin
Toxicity: ototoxic, nephrotoxic

A

Aminoglycosides

32
Q

MOA:

  • inhibits mycolic acid
  • inhibit DNA dependent RNA protein synthesis
A

Aminoglycosides

33
Q

1st line drugs for aminoglycosides

A
  • isoniazid
  • rifampicin
  • pyrazinamide
34
Q

2nd line drugs for aminoglycosides

A
  • streptomycin

- ethambutol

35
Q

Changes that rest in observably reduced susceptibility of an organism to a particular antimicrobial agent

A

Biologic resistance

36
Q

Antimicrobial susceptibility has been lost

Drug is no longer effective for clinical use

A

Clinical resistance

37
Q

Physical or chemical factors that alter the antimicrobial agent for the microorganism’s physiologic response to agent

pH
Anaerobic atmosphere
Cation concentration
Metabolites

A

Environmentally mediated antimicrobial resistance

38
Q

Types of microorganism mediated antimicrobial resistance

A

Intrinsic: inherent, known from the start
Acquired: if antibiotic is abused

Bacteriology (1 decks)

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