Antiinfectives Flashcards
What do penicillins do?
Weakens and destroys cell wall of sensitive bacteria.
Some are broad spectrum and some are narrow spectrum.
What is the action of penicillins?
Bactericidal.
What types of bacteria do penicillins affect?
Some affect gram positive and some gram negative bacteria.
When are penicillins used prophylactically?
Against bacterial endocarditis before dental procedures.
Give examples of penicillins.
Amoxicillin, amoxicillin clavulanate, ampicillin, nafcillin, piperacillin, Penicillin V, Penicillin benzathine V.
What are common adverse reactions to penicillins?
Generally safe; PO route may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, candidiasis, and Clostridium difficile.
What allergic reactions can occur with penicillins?
Rash, hives, anaphylactic reaction including dyspnea, airway swelling, wheezing, bronchospasm.
What interventions should be taken with penicillins?
Ask about allergies, monitor GI symptoms, candida infections, and allergic reactions.
What are common adverse reactions to cephalosporins?
Similar to penicillin; cefotetan may increase risk of bleeding and cause disulfiram-alcohol reaction.
What is the action of monobactams?
Narrow spectrum for gram negative aerobic bacteria.
What is an example of a monobactam?
Aztreonam (Azactam).
What are common adverse reactions to monobactams?
Abdominal distress, rash, C. diff infection, wheezing, nasopharyngeal pain.
What are carbapenems used for?
Broad spectrum for serious infections with multiple bacteria.
Give examples of carbapenems.
Imipenem cilastatin, Meropenem.
What are common adverse reactions to carbapenems?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
What is vancomycin used to treat?
Gram positive infections, MRSA, and Clostridium difficile infections.
What are common adverse reactions to vancomycin?
Renal failure, red man syndrome, ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis.
What interventions should be taken with vancomycin?
Monitor for anaphylactic reactions, IV infusion time, peak and trough levels, and C. diff infection.
What are tetracyclines used to treat?
Chlamydia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, syphilis, cholera, anthrax, acne, Lyme disease.
What are common adverse reactions to tetracyclines?
GI distress, discoloration of teeth, hepatotoxicity, superinfections, photosensitivity.
What are macrolides (-thromycin) used to treat?
Legionnaires disease, pertussis, diphtheria, chlamydia.
Give examples of macrolides.
Erythromycin, azithromycin (Zithromax).
What are common adverse reactions to macrolides (-thromycin)?
GI distress, ventricular dysrhythmias, superinfections, ototoxicity.
What are aminoglycosides used to treat?
Aerobic, gram-negative bacterial infections.
