ANTIINFECTIVES Flashcards
1
Q
AMINOGLYCOSIDES ( GANTS)
A
gram negative bacteria
2
Q
Gentamicin (Garamycin)
A
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
3
Q
AMINOGLYCOSIDES ( GANTS)
A
Bactericidal
4
Q
Amikacin (Amikin)
A
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
5
Q
Tobramycin (Tobrex)
A
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
6
Q
Streptomycin
A
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
7
Q
CEPHALOSPORINS
A
Bactericidal & Bacteriostatic
8
Q
CEPHALOSPORINS Related to
A
Penicillin (PCN)
9
Q
CEPHALOSPORINS
A
Ok to give with Aldactone (Spironolactone)
10
Q
CEPHALOSPORINS
A
Antabuse-like effects
11
Q
Cefadroxil
A
1st gen
12
Q
Cefaclor
A
2nd Gen
13
Q
Cefixime
A
3rd Gen
14
Q
Cefepime
A
4th Gen
15
Q
Ceftriaxone
A
3rd Gen
16
Q
Cefalexin
A
1st Gen
17
Q
Cefuroxime
A
2nd Gen
18
Q
Cefquinome
A
4th Gen
19
Q
Ceftobiprole
A
5th Gen
20
Q
Ceftolozane
A
5th Gen
21
Q
Cefdinir
A
3rd Gen
22
Q
Cefodizine
A
3rd Gen
23
Q
Ceftibuten
A
3rd Gen
24
Q
Cefpirome
A
4th Gen
25
Cefazolin
1st Gen
26
Cefazedone
1st Gen
27
Cefprozil
2nd Gen
28
Cefotetan
2nd Gen
29
Cephapirin
1st Gen
30
Cefmetazole
2nd Gen
31
Ceftaroline
5th Gen
32
Cefatoxime
3rd Gen
33
Cefdinir Moxalactam
3rd Gen
34
FLUOROQUINOLONES ( CLONG)
Bactericidal or Bacteriostatic
35
FLUOROQUINOLONES ( CLONG) against
gram negative bacteria
36
Ciprofloxacin
FLUOROQUINOLONES
37
Levofloxacin
FLUOROQUINOLONES
38
Levaquin
Levofloxacin
39
Not given coffee
Ciprofloxacin
40
Oflocacin
FLUOROQUINOLONES
41
Norfloxacin
FLUOROQUINOLONES
42
Gatifloxacin ( Tequin)
FLUOROQUINOLONES
43
“Floxacin” - most of the time
FLUOROQUINOLONES
44
Increase Theophylline level
● NSAIDs: Increased risk of CNS Stimulation
○ Paradoxical effect
○ Instead of decreased pain, you will be very
stimulated
FLUOROQUINOLONES
45
“-ithromycin”
MACROLIDES
46
MACROLIDES
Bactericidal, Bacteriostatic
47
Usually enteric coated
MACROLIDES
48
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Photosensitivity
FLUOROQUINOLONES ( CLONG)
49
Dirithromycin
MACROLIDES
50
Azithromycin
MACROLIDES
51
Clarithromycin
MACROLIDES
52
Erythromycin
MACROLIDES
53
Avoid IM administration
Erythromycin
54
3 stages of Liver Damage
Fatty liver -> Liver fibrosis ( reversible) -> liver cirrhosis ( irreversible)
55
DRUG TO DRUG INTERACTION/ These Drugs Can Interact ● Theophylline ( Theodur)
○ Not widely used anymore. A very strong brochodilator but it can impact your cardio -> tachycardia, hypertension
● Digoxin ( Lanoxin)
○ Heart failure
● Coumadin ( warfarin sodium)
○ Anticoagulant, blood thinner
MACROLIDES
56
Similar to Macrolides in terms of coverage
LINCOSAMIDES
57
Associated with severe toxicity
○ Not widely used
LINCOSAMIDES
58
Clindamycin ( Dalacin C)
LINCOSAMIDES
59
Lincomycin
LINCOSAMIDES
60
Pirlimycin
LINCOSAMIDES
61
MONOBACTAM ANTIBIOTIC
Bactericidal
62
MONOBACTAM ANTIBIOTIC effective against?
gram negative enterobacteria
63
Used for patients allergic to PCN or Cephalosporins
MONOBACTAM ANTIBIOTIC
64
Aztreonam ( Azactam)
MONOBACTAM
65
“-cillin”
PENICILLIN
66
Beta-lactams, Miracle drug
PENICILLIN
67
PENICILLIN
Bactericidal
68
PENICILLIN effective against?
gram positive bacteria
69
Carbenicillin ( Geocillin)
Extended Spectrum Penicillin
70
Amoxicillin ( Amoxil, Himox)
Extended Spectrum Penicillin
71
Ticarcillin ( Ticar)
Extended Spectrum Penicillin
72
Ampicillin ( Pensyn)
Extended Spectrum Penicillin
73
Dicloxacillin
Penicillinase Resistant Antibiotics
74
Oxacillin ( Prostaphillin)
Penicillinase Resistant Antibiotics
75
Nafcillin Na
Penicillinase Resistant Antibiotics
76
give 2 hrs minimum apart ( longer the better)
Carbeniccilin & Gentamicin
77
Bacteria produce enzymes capable of destroying PCNS
Penicillinase or Beta-lactamases
78
Clavulanic Acid
PENICILLINASE RESISTANT ANTIBIOTICS
79
Tazobactam
PENICILLINASE RESISTANT ANTIBIOTICS
80
Sulbactam
PENICILLINASE RESISTANT ANTIBIOTICS
81
Ampicillin and sulbactam
Unasyn
82
Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid
Augmentin, Co-Amoxyclav
83
Ticarcillin and Clavulanic Acid
Timentin
84
Piperacillin + Tazobactam
Zosyn, PipTazo
85
SIDE EFFECTS
Gray Baby Syndrome
○ Occurs in newborn infants with underdeveloped liver
○ Hypotension, cyanosis
CHLORAMPHENICOL
86
DRUG TO DRUG INTERACTIONS
● Decreased secretion of Methotrexate ( anticancer)
● Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol
○ Decrease PCN action
PENICILLINASE RESISTANT ANTIBIOTICS
87
WHAT IF PATHOGEN IS RESISTANT TO PENICILLIN?
Also resistant to Cephalosporins
88
LAST RESORT
○ Given via slow IV infusion ( 2hr and 45 mins infusion) = shortest is 1 hr and 30 mins
○ Rapid infusion
■ Lead to Red Man Syndrome or Red Neck
Syndrome
Vancomycin
89
CHLORAMPHENICOL
Treatment for severe infection caused by bacteria that are not sensitive to any other antibiotics. LAST APPROACH
90
“-xazole”
SULFONAMIDES
91
CHLORAMPHENICOL
Bacteriostatic
92
SULFONAMIDES
Bacteriostatic
93
SULFONAMIDES Effective against
gram negative and gram positive bacteria,
94
Given on empty stomach with full glass of water
Cotrimoxazole
95
Inhibit folic acid synthesis
Cotrimoxazole
96
Sulfacetamide
Sulfadiazine
Sulfadoxine
Sulfamethizole
Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfanilamide
Sulfasalazin
Cotrimoxazole
97
“Cycline” - majority
TETRACYCLINES
98
Acne Treatment
TETRACYCLINES
99
NOT USE in children under 8 years
TETRACYCLINES
100
Potential bone, teeth damage ( Tetracycline)
Enamel hypoplasia
101
A medical emergency because it causes sloughing, or degradation of the epidermis and dermis
Steven Johnson Syndrome
102
Oxytetracycline ( Terramycin)
Tetracycline
103
Doxycyline ( Doxin)
Tetracycline
104
Minocycline ( Minocin)
Tetracycline
105
Minocycline ( Minocin)
Tetracycline
106
Allocated for serious infection. Last approach
● Bactericidal
● Broad spectrum, Used for serious life treatening Gram positive, negative infections
CARBAPENEMS
107
Imipinem - cilastatin ( Tienam)
CARBAPENEMS
108
Meropenem ( Meronem)
CARBAPENEMS
109
Ertapenem ( Invanz)
CARBAPENEMS
110
ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS
Bactericidal
111
Hold stain even in presence of Destaining
○ “ Acid fast bacilli” ( AFB)
Mycobacteria
112
Isoniazid ( INH) + B6
ANTI TB DRUGS ( ANTI-KOCH) ( FRONTLINERS)
113
Rifampicin
ANTI TB DRUGS ( ANTI-KOCH) ( FRONTLINERS)
114
Peripheral Neuropathies, Hepatoxic
Isoniazid ( INH) + B6
115
Alters DNA, RNA Activity
Rifampicin
116
Side effect:
■ Orange Colored output, fever jaundice,
RUQ pain
Rifampicin
117
Ethambutol
ANTI TB DRUGS ( ANTI-KOCH) ( FRONTLINERS)
118
Inhibits cellular metabolism
Ethambutol
119
Side effect:
■ Optic neuritis (color blindness)
Ethambutol
120
Pyrazibamide ( PZA)
ANTI TB DRUGS ( ANTI-KOCH) ( FRONTLINERS)
121
Pyrazibamide ( PZA) is a what type of antibiotic?
Bactericidal, Bacteriostatic
122
Nephrotoxicity, hepatoxic
Streptomycin
123
Dapsone
ANTI LEPROSY
124
Rifampicin
ANTI LEPROSY
125
Clofazimine (Lamprene)
ANTI LEPROSY
126
Thalidomide
ANTI LEPROSY
127
inhibits folate synthesis
Dapsone
128
WiIl discolor your body fluids
Rifampicin
129
Tx of P. carinii pneumonia (AIDS)
Dapsone
130
Type of pneumonia that you can see only in people with very down immune system, that’s why we see it only with people with AIDS
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
131
Binds to bacterial DNA sites & causes cell death
Clofazimine (Lamprene)
132
Supposedly to be an antiemetic but it causes a lot of deformity in unborn children. So when they were born, they have deformed extremities
■ Teratogenic medication
Thalidomide
133
Tx of erythema nodosum leprosum
Thalidomide
134
Rifampicin, INH →
liver toxicity
135
Take combination of Anti-Tb early AM with an?
EMPTY STOMACH ( UPON WAKING UP)
136
are loner; they cannot be mixed with any other medication
Ciprofloxacin
137
any medication that you mixed with it, other medication will not be absorbed
Antacids
138
Most of the time a GI GU or blood infection
VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus)
139
initially happening as a skin infection and eventually it will come like a pneumonia, but we can have a GI
GU and blood infection as well
○ When you have it, in 24 hours, it will reach your respiratory system
MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus).
140
Not that common like VRE and MRSA
○ Usually in septic conditions; usually blood infection
○ Resistant to penicillin
ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamases)
141
If they are resistant to more than 2 drugs
MDRO (Multiple Drug Resistant Organism)
142
One of the opportunistic infection that usually
happen when the patient is in the hospital for more
than 1-2 weeks already
○ s/sx is usually explosive diarrhea
○ Taking anti-suppressive and anti-infectives for an extended period of time
○ Given yogurt and yakult
■ It has lactobacillus
C. Diff (Clostridium Difficile)
143
Hard to control
○ Only few antiinfective is able to control it
○ It has the same behavior as the buckholderia cepacia and similar with MRSA
Acinebacter baumanii
144
Very good in controlling superbug infection
Linezolid (Zyvox) 2000
145
More affordable than linezolid
○ IV infusion for 30 mins
○ Can cause bloody diarrhea
○ Note for pseudomembranous colitis
Daptomycin (Cubicin) 2003
146
VRE
contact isolations
147
MRSA
contact isolations, droplet isolation
148
ESBL
droplet isolation
149
MDRO
contact isolation
150
Buckholderia Cepacia
contact isolation as well, unless is pneumonia so we do the droplet isolation
151
*New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-1)
droplet isolation
152
MersCov (Middle Eastern CoronaVirus)
droplet isolation
153
Amantadine
AGENTS FOR INFLUENZA, RESPIRATORY VIRUSES
154
Ribavirin
AGENTS FOR INFLUENZA, RESPIRATORY VIRUSES
155
Rimantadine
AGENTS FOR INFLUENZA, RESPIRATORY VIRUSES
156
oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
AGENTS FOR INFLUENZA, RESPIRATORY VIRUSES
157
zanamivir (Relenza)
AGENTS FOR INFLUENZA, RESPIRATORY VIRUSES
158
Remdesivir
AGENTS FOR INFLUENZA, RESPIRATORY VIRUSES
159
No longer being used because it has a lot of interaction with any other med, instead it is being used for multiple sclerosis to decrease or relieve fatigue
Amantadine
160
Antiviral medication that is used in your AH1N1
oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
161
Adjunct tx to AH1N1
zanamivir (Relenza)
162
One of the antiviral medication that is able to manage COVID19
Remdesivir
163
Most of the time the sores are in the oral cavity in the lip area and commonly last for a
few days. Usually goes away within less than 1 week
Herpes type 1
164
usually the sores are in the genitalia
Herpes type 2
165
mild illness → serious congenital defects
CMV (cytomegalovirus)
166
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
AGENTS FOR HERPES & CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV)
167
Cidofovir
AGENTS FOR HERPES & CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV)
168
Famciclovir
AGENTS FOR HERPES & CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV)
169
Foscarnet
AGENTS FOR HERPES & CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV)
170
Rimantadine/Amantadine
AGENTS FOR HERPES & CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV)
171
Ganciclovir
AGENTS FOR HERPES & CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV)
172
Valacyclovir
AGENTS FOR HERPES & CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV)
173
Retrovirus attacks helper T cells (CD4) >= cell entry
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
174
are security guards on
the cell surface and usually where the virus will be trying to gain entry in order to attack the security guard,
CD4 and CD8
175
converts RNA to 2 stranded DNA >= cell replication
Retrovirus’ reverse transcriptase
176
Emergence of opportunistic infections and cancers
secondary to compromised immune system ( low CF4). Cluster of differentiation 4 = 200 below
AIDS-Related Complex ( ARC)
177
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/ Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NRTIS)
AGENTS FOR HIV AND AIDS ( ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS)
178
Protease Inhibitors
AGENTS FOR HIV AND AIDS ( ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS)
179
Nucleosides
AGENTS FOR HIV AND AIDS ( ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS)
180
Antiretrovirus Agents
AGENTS FOR HIV AND AIDS ( ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS)
181
Chemokine coreceptor antagonists ( CCR5 antagonists)
AGENTS FOR HIV AND AIDS ( ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS)
182
Fusion Inhibitor
AGENTS FOR HIV AND AIDS ( ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS)
183
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors ( INSTIs)
AGENTS FOR HIV AND AIDS ( ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS)
184
Viral past through host cell membrane
Fusion Inhibitors
185
Bind at position distant from active sites of RT
NNRTIs
186
Completely inhibit reverse transcriptase
NRTIs
187
Hiv fusion to host cells
CCR5 antagonists
188
Hiv formation
Protease inhibitor
189
HIV integration into host genomes
Integrase inhibitors
190
as more effectivity and less in adverse effect. It is a combination of tenofovir and and emtricitabine. This are your antiviral medications.
Truvada
191
A once-daily prescription for adults and adolescents
at risk of HIV who weigh at least 77 pounds. It helps lower the chance of getting HIV through sex. You must be negative before and while taking TRUVADA for PrEP. Because if it is positive, it can no longer be effective.
TRUVADA for PrEP
192
Will be indicative of your immune system. The lower
it is, then most likely you will get into AIDS
T cell count
193
Fungal is a very common infection
● The common denominator is that it take a while before it goes
away because of their
Ergosterol
194
Steroid-type CHON in cell membrane of fungi
Ergosterol
195
Cellular organism with HARD CELL WALL
Fungus
196
Disease caused by fungus
Mycosis
197
Toxic to host
SYSTEMIC ANTIFUNGALS
198
Systemic antifungals inhibit?
CP450 enzyme
199
a thickened layer that usually be doing/ responsible for the drug metabolism. If this one will be inhibited, a lot of drug toxicity will be happening
CP450 enzyme
200
Shake and bake medication
Amphotericin B ( Fungisone)
201
Give antihistamine and antipyretic 30 mins to 1hr _______ we give the amphotericin B in order to decrease the fever and chills.
before
202
Given for vaginal fungal infection most of the time
Fluconazole ( Diflucan)
203
Amphotericin B ( Fungisone)
SYSTEMIC ANTIFUNGALS
204
Fluconazole ( Diflucan)
SYSTEMIC ANTIFUNGALS
205
Flucystosine
SYSTEMIC ANTIFUNGALS
206
Ketoconazole ( Nizoral)
SYSTEMIC ANTIFUNGALS
207
Itraconazole ( Sporanox)
SYSTEMIC ANTIFUNGALS
208
Miconazole
SYSTEMIC ANTIFUNGALS
209
Nystatin ( mycostatin)
SYSTEMIC ANTIFUNGALS
210
Very good for oral candidiasis. Oral fungal infection
or oral thrush ( down immune system)
Nystatin ( mycostatin)
211
Usually yellow and kinda thick and then you
swish it like a gargle for around 30 seconds to 1 minute for oral purposes because they have an oral thrush for local effect and then swallow it for systemic effect.
SS ( swish and swallow)
212
You gargle the medication for 30 seconds
to one minute and you spit it out on the kidney basin. Local effect only
SS ( swish and pit)
213
Athlete’s foot ( Tinea Pedis)
Tinea
214
Jock itch ( Tinea Crusis) = groin area
Tinea
215
Treatment for Tinea?
Terbinafien ( Lamisil)
216
Elderly patients
○ Thickening of the great toe
○ Painless, pulverizes
Tinea ungum ( toenails)
217
Treatment for Tinea ungum ( toenails)
Itraconazole ( sporanox); Nizoral tabs
218
Oral yeast infections ( Thrush) and Vagina
Moniliasis/Candida
219
Moniliasis/Candida Treatment
Hair Fungal
■ Nizoral Shampoo
220
Single-celled organism passes thru several stages in its life cycle + one phase as a human parasite
Protozoa
221
By bite of Anopheles Mosquito
○ Lead to fever, chills that can cause RBC destruction -> death
Malaria
222
Macrophages destruction -> serious skin lesions
Leishmaniasis
223
Amebiasis ( Amebic dysentery)
GI infection by Entamoeba Histolyca
○ Via contaminated food, H2O
○ Causes a lot of GI erosions + Tissue distruction
○ Via feces
224
GI infection that causes diarrhea, “rotten egg” stool
-> malnourished
Giardiasis
225
Vaginal itching + yellow-green drainage
Trichomoniasis
226
Metronidazole
ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS
227
Atovaquone ( Mepron)
ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS
228
Tinidazole ( Tindamax)
ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS
229
Treatment for amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis
Metronidazole
230
Treatment of P. Carinii
Atovaquone ( Mepron)
231
Treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis
Tinidazole ( Tindamax)
232
From a bite of the mosquito
● are specifically designed to treat malaria, a parasitic infection
transmitted by mosquitoes.
ANTIMALARIALS
233
Quinines
ANTIMALARIALS
234
Mefloquine ( lariam): prophylaxis
ANTIMALARIALS
235
chinchonism
Too much quinines in your system
236
Treatment for acute malaria
Quinines
237
Used before, during, after visit to malarial infested country
● Can be used as prophylaxis as well
Chloroquine ( Aralen)
238
Worm causing disease invading human body
HELMINTH
239
Pinworm, whipworm, threadworm, Ascaris, or hookworm
● One of the complications if di nag deworming
NEMATODE ( ROUNDWORM)
240
Tapeworm
● With head + segmented body parts
● Growing to several yards in human intestine
● Big tummy but very skinny
CESTODE
241
Ingestion of rounworm larvae in undercooked pork
○ Larvae invade muscle, nervous tissue ( muscle
biopsy)
Trichinosis
242
Blood and tissues infection of by worm embryos by
biting insects
○ Affects lymphatic system
○ Cause massive inflammatory reactions
○ Severe swelling of hands, feet, legs, arms, scrotum or
breast
Filariasis
243
Oxamniquine
ANTHELMINTHICS
244
Praziquantel
ANTHELMINTHICS
245
Blood infection carried by a snail
○ Common: tropical countries
○ Larvae burrow into skin in fresh water
○ > = migrate throughout human body
○ > = rash + symptoms of diarrhea, liver, brain
inflammation
Schistosomiasis
246
Ivermectin
ANTHELMINTHICS
247
Albendazole ( Albenza)
ANTHELMINTHICS
248
Mebendazole ( Vermox)
ANTHELMINTHICS
249
Pyrantel ( Pin X)
ANTHELMINTHICS
250
Thiabendazole
ANTHELMINTHICS
