Antihypertensive agents

Question 1

What is the primary purpose of antihypertensive agents?

Answer 1

To lower high blood pressure.

Question 2

True or False: Antihypertensive agents can only be used in patients with hypertension.

Answer 2

False.

Question 3

Name one class of antihypertensive agents that work by blocking the action of angiotensin II.

Answer 3

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).

Question 4

Fill in the blank: Diuretics help lower blood pressure by reducing ________ volume.

Answer 4

blood.

Question 5

What is the mechanism of action for beta-blockers in hypertension management?

Answer 5

They reduce heart rate and cardiac output.

Question 6

Which class of antihypertensive agents is known to cause vasodilation?

Answer 6

Calcium channel blockers.

Question 7

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of antihypertensive medications? A) Dizziness B) Fatigue C) Increased appetite D) Cough

Answer 7

C) Increased appetite.

Question 8

What are ACE inhibitors primarily used for?

Answer 8

To inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme and lower blood pressure.

Question 9

True or False: Lifestyle changes can replace the need for antihypertensive medications.

Answer 9

False.

Question 10

Short Answer: Name one specific ACE inhibitor.

Answer 10

Lisinopril.

Question 11

What role do alpha-blockers play in the treatment of hypertension?

Answer 11

They block alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasodilation.

Question 12

Fill in the blank: ________ are often the first-line treatment for hypertension.

Answer 12

Thiazide diuretics.

Question 13

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a potential complication of untreated hypertension? A) Stroke B) Cough C) Nausea D) Headache

Answer 13

A) Stroke.

Question 14

What is the goal of antihypertensive therapy?

Answer 14

To maintain blood pressure within a target range.

Question 15

True or False: All antihypertensive agents are equally effective in all patients.

Answer 15

False.

Question 16

Short Answer: What is the significance of the ‘first-dose effect’ associated with some antihypertensive agents?

Answer 16

It refers to a dramatic drop in blood pressure after the first dose.

Question 17

Which antihypertensive class is particularly effective in patients with heart failure?

Answer 17

ACE inhibitors.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: ________ can cause a persistent dry cough as a side effect.

Answer 18

ACE inhibitors.

Question 19

Multiple Choice: Which antihypertensive class is primarily used for treating chronic hypertension in pregnancy? A) Beta-blockers B) ACE inhibitors C) Calcium channel blockers D) Diuretics

Answer 19

C) Calcium channel blockers.

Question 20

What is the role of renin in blood pressure regulation?

Answer 20

Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is a precursor to angiotensin II.

Question 21

True or False: Antihypertensive medications can be used in combination for better efficacy.

Answer 21

True.

Question 22

Short Answer: What is the effect of vasodilators on blood vessels?

Answer 22

They relax and widen blood vessels.

Question 23

Fill in the blank: ________ is a common diuretic used to treat hypertension.

Answer 23

Hydrochlorothiazide.

Question 24

What is the primary target organ for damage in chronic hypertension?

Answer 24

The heart.

Question 25

Multiple Choice: Which of the following agents is a potassium-sparing diuretic? A) Furosemide B) Spironolactone C) Hydrochlorothiazide D) Chlorthalidone

Answer 25

B) Spironolactone.

Question 26

True or False: Antihypertensive therapy is generally lifelong.

Answer 26

True.

Question 27

Short Answer: What is the main function of calcium channel blockers?

Answer 27

To inhibit calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.

Question 28

Fill in the blank: Patients with ________ should avoid ACE inhibitors.

Answer 28

renal artery stenosis.

Question 29

What is the significance of monitoring blood pressure in patients on antihypertensive therapy?

Answer 29

To ensure efficacy and prevent hypotension.

Question 30

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a direct vasodilator? A) Amlodipine B) Hydralazine C) Metoprolol D) Lisinopril

Answer 30

B) Hydralazine.

Question 31

What is the definition of Hypertension (HTN)?

Answer 31

Persistently elevated BP (≥140/90 mmHg) ## Footnote Major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, kidney disease, and heart failure.

Question 32

What is considered normal blood pressure?

Answer 32

120/80 mmHg

Question 33

What are the stages of Hypertension?

Answer 33

* High normal: 130-139 / 85-89 mmHg * Stage 1: 140-159 / 90-99 mmHg * Stage 2: 160-179 / 100-109 mmHg * Stage 3: >179 / >109 mmHg

Question 34

What percentage of hypertension cases are classified as Primary (Essential) Hypertension?

Answer 34

~90-95% cases

Question 35

What are some risk factors for Primary Hypertension?

Answer 35

* Genetics * Hyperlipidemia * Diabetes * Obesity * High sodium intake * Sedentary lifestyle * Stress

Question 36

What are some causes of Secondary Hypertension?

Answer 36

* Renal artery stenosis * Pheochromocytoma * Cushing’s disease * Primary aldosteronism * Drugs: NSAIDs, corticosteroids, oral contraceptives

Question 37

What are common clinical features of Hypertension?

Answer 37

* Severe headache * Blurred vision * Dizziness & confusion * Chest pain & palpitations * Shortness of breath * Nosebleeds (epistaxis)

Question 38

What diagnostic tests are used for hypertension?

Answer 38

* Blood tests (lipids, glucose, renal function) * Electrocardiogram (ECG) * Chest X-ray * Urinalysis

Question 39

What are first-line lifestyle modifications for managing hypertension?

Answer 39

* Weight reduction * DASH diet * Sodium restriction * Alcohol reduction * Regular exercise * Stress management

Question 40

What is the pharmacological therapy required for hypertension?

Answer 40

If BP >140/90 mmHg after lifestyle changes

Question 41

How do antihypertensive drugs lower blood pressure?

Answer 41

* Reducing blood volume (Diuretics) * Reducing systemic vascular resistance (Vasodilators) * Reducing cardiac output (Beta-blockers & CCBs)

Question 42

What are the classifications of antihypertensive drugs?

Answer 42

* Sympatholytics * Vasodilators * Drugs acting on Renin-Angiotensin System * Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) * Diuretics

Question 43

What do centrally acting α2 agonists do?

Answer 43

Stimulate α2 receptors in CNS → ↓ sympathetic outflow

Question 44

Name a drug that is a centrally acting α2 agonist.

Answer 44

Clonidine

Question 45

What is the role of ACE Inhibitors in hypertension?

Answer 45

Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme → ↓ angiotensin II

Question 46

What are some examples of ACE Inhibitors?

Answer 46

* Captopril * Lisinopril * Enalapril * Benazepril

Question 47

What do Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) do?

Answer 47

Block angiotensin II receptors → prevent vasoconstriction

Question 48

What are some examples of ARBs?

Answer 48

* Losartan * Telmisartan * Quinapril

Question 49

What is the function of Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)?

Answer 49

Block L-type Ca²⁺ channels in heart & vessels → ↓ contraction

Question 50

Fill in the blank: Diuretics reduce blood volume by _______.

Answer 50

[reducing Na⁺ & H₂O retention]

Question 51

What is the role of α1 adrenergic receptors in BP control?

Answer 51

Vasoconstriction, ↑ BP

Question 52

True or False: β1 adrenergic receptors decrease heart rate.

Answer 52

False

Question 53

What happens in the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) when renal perfusion decreases?

Answer 53

↑ Renin

Question 54

What is the end result of Angiotensin II activity?

Answer 54

↑ Aldosterone → Na⁺ & H₂O retention → ↑ BP

Question 55

What are first-line drugs for hypertension management?

Answer 55

* Diuretics * ACE inhibitors * ARBs * CCBs

Question 56

What is the significance of targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System in hypertension management?

Answer 56

Crucial in HTN management