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Immuno-Sero lect > antigen-antibody > Flashcards

antigen-antibody Flashcards

1
Q

a molecule capable of inducing an
immune response in the host organism

A

antigen

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2
Q

a substance that stimulates antibody
formation and can bind to an antibody or a T lymphocyte antigen receptor but may not be able to evoke an immune response initially.

A

antigen

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3
Q

it can specifically react with
such antibodies or synthesized T cells.

A

immunogen

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4
Q

T or F: haptens are considered immunogen but not considered as antigen

A

false, haptens are considered as antigen but not considered as immunogen

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5
Q

T or F: immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

A

true

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6
Q

factors influencing the immune response

A
  • age
  • overall health
  • route of inoculation
  • genetic capacity
  • dose
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7
Q

large doses can result in?

A

T and B cell tolerance

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8
Q

the actual amount of immunogen needed to generate an immune response differs with the?

A

route of inoculation

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9
Q

factors affecting immonogenicity

A
  • chemical composition
  • physical form (foreignness, degradability, molecular weight, structural ability, complexity)
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10
Q

T or F: individual’s immune response does respond to self-antigen.

A

false, does not

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11
Q

most effective antigen

A

proteins because of their large molecular weight

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12
Q

repeating polymers

A

lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid

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13
Q

which is an effective antigen, repeating polymers or proteins?

A

proteins

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14
Q

are considered inferior antigens
because of their relative simplicity and lack of structural stability. However, when ___ are linked to proteins or polysaccharides, they may function as antigens.

A

lipids

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15
Q

chemical substance of poison ivy

A

catechols

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16
Q

a physical nature of antigens which to elicit a patient antibody response

A

structural stability

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17
Q

cells that recognize structures that project from the external surfaces of macromolecules.

A

B cells

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18
Q

example of synthetic polymers

A

nylon or teflon

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19
Q

the physical nature of antigens which works for antigen processing.

A

degradability

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20
Q

If a macromolecule can’t be degraded and presented with MHC molecules, it would be of ___.

A

pure immunogen

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21
Q

small peptides or pieces

A

Ag + enzymatic digestion

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22
Q

present to responsive lymphocytes

A

small peptides + MHC molecule

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23
Q

A substance distinct to antigen that enhances T – cell activation by promoting accumulation of APC’s at a site of antigen exposure and enhances expression of costimulators and cytokines by the APC

A

adjuvants

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24
Q

this helps you promote more APCs where you have inoculated the antigens

A

adjuvants

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25
Q

an adjuvant used to complex with the immunogen to increase its size and to prevent a rapid escape from the tissues.

A

aluminum salts

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26
Q

examples of adjuvants

A

aluminum salts and freund’s

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27
Q

an adjuvant used for hepa B vaccine

A

aluminum salts

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28
Q

these adjuvant produces granulomas, or large areas of scar tissue, and thus is not used in humans.

A

Freund’s

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29
Q

a determinant site of an antigen which come in two shapes; linear and conformational

A

epitopes

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30
Q

molecular shapes or configurations that are recognized by B or T cell

A

epitopes

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31
Q

these epitopes consists of amino acids in a single polypeptide chain

A

linear epitopes

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32
Q

tertiary or quarternary structure epitopes

A

conformational epitopes

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33
Q

Result from the folding of a
polypeptide chain or chains, and
nonsequential amino acids are brought into close proximity.

A

conformational epitopes

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34
Q

those antigens that belong to the host

A

autoantigens

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35
Q

those antigens from other members of the host’s species, and these are capable of eliciting an immune response.

A

alloantigens

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36
Q

what type of antigen: blood transfused to you

A

alloantigens

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37
Q

these antigens are from other species, such as pig’s heart and the poison ivy.

A

heteroantigens

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38
Q

heteroantigens that exist in unrelated plants or animals but are either identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one will cross-react with antigen of the other.

A

heterophile antigens

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39
Q

Normally in serological reactions, the ideal is to use a reaction that is completely specific, but the fact that cross - reactivity exists can be helpful for certain diagnostic purposes.

A

heterophile antigens

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40
Q

this antibody was found to react with sheep RBCs and this formed the basis of the Paul-Bunnell screening test for mononucleosis

A

heterophile antibody

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41
Q

procedure was a useful screening test
when the causative agent of IM had not been identified.

A

Paul-Bunnell screening test

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42
Q

Current rapid screening tests for
IM are based on the principle of?

A

detection of heterophile antibody

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43
Q

Antibodies, referred to as immunoglobulins are usually found in ___, in a ___. They are observable, which
constitutes majority of the gamma globulins.

A

Antibodies, referred to as immunoglobulins are usually found in gamma, in a serum electrophoresis. They are observable, which constitutes majority of the gamma globulins.

44
Q

what is the end product after B lymphocyte are stimulated by an antigen and undergo differentiation?

A

antibody or immunoglobulin

45
Q

these are glycoproteins found in the serum portion of the blood and in many body fluids.

A

immunoglobulins

46
Q

The main chemical mediator in the humoral immunity

A

antibody

47
Q

a usual immunoglobulin is made up of?

A

two large chains called heavy chain and two small chains called light chain

48
Q

a specific region where the amino acid
sequences vary or shows heterogeneity,
because it binds the antibodies

A

variable region

49
Q

The remainder of the molecule that has a constant amino acid sequence is known as __, where amino acids are fixed

A

constant region

50
Q

How would we know which are those
regions? in basic structure of Ig

A

if we do enzymatic digestion

51
Q

an enzyme which would cleave the major disulfide region

A

papain

52
Q

these fragments retain the ability to bind antigen

A

fab fragments (antigen-binding fragments)

53
Q

third fragment, which is relatively homogeneous and is sometimes crystallizable

A

fc portion

54
Q

proteolytic enzyme used to treat IgG

A

pepsin

55
Q

chromatography which separates the material into two types of fragments, one of which spontaneously crystallized at 4C

A

carboxymethyl cellulose ion exchange chromatography

56
Q

functions of antibodies (2)

A
  • to bind antigen
  • exhibits secondary effector functions (complement fixation and placental transfer)
57
Q

these portion can activate then complement cascade. Or bind to the receptor of phagocytic cells to trigger phagocytosis.

A

fc portion

58
Q

predominant Ig in serum; longest lasting antibody in our serum

A

IgG

59
Q

3rd predominant; first antibody to be
produced

A

IgM

60
Q

2nd predominant Ig

A

IgA

61
Q

exposed fc portion following antigen binding by antibody promotes?

A
  • complement fixation
  • opsonization
  • activation of NK cells
62
Q

Largest, mostly found in the circulation and first to appear in response to antigen.

A

IgM

63
Q

this Ig is detectable in CSF but it cannot cross the placenta

A

IgM

64
Q

normal values for IgM

A
  • 60 to 250mg/dL (70 to 290IU/mL) –
    Males
  • 70 to 280mg/dL (80 to 320IU/mL) –
    Females
  • Cord blood - >20mg/dL
65
Q

functions of IgM, except:
- complement fixation
- opsonization
- immunity
- toxin neutralization
- agglutination

A

immunity because IgM cannot cross the placenta in which it cannot provide immunity for the newborn unlike IgG

66
Q

first antibody to appear in a maturing infant and it is synthesized only as long as the antigen remains present because there are no memory cells for this Ig

A

IgM

67
Q

which Ig is increased in multiple myeloma

A

ALL classes of Ig

68
Q

which Ig is increased in Waldenstrom?

A

IgM

69
Q

Only antibody class than can cross the placenta – protects the newborn
during neonatal period.

A

IgG

70
Q

NV of IgG

A
  • 800 to 1800mg/dL (90 to 210
    IU/mL)     – Normal adult serum
  • 350 to 400mg/dL (40 to 45 IU/mL)
    – infants 3 to 4 months old gradually increasing to 700 to 800mg/dL (80 to
    90 IU/mL)
  • Cord blood – 800 to 1800mg/dL
  • CSF – 2 to 4mg/dL
71
Q

Functions of IgG, except:

  • fixing complement
  • for immunity
  • opsonization
  • neutralizing toxins and viruses
  • agglutination and precipitation reaction
A

none of the above

72
Q

IgG is better at ___ than ___

A

better at precipitation reactions than agglutination

73
Q

IgG is increase in?

A
  • infectious disease hepatitis
  • collegen disorders RA and SLE
  • hematologic Hodgkin’s
74
Q

predominant antibody in secretions,
especially in saliva, tears, breastmilk,
bronchial, and intestinal secretions.

A

IgA

75
Q

these antibody bind to macrophages and PMNs, and they may path directly into the intestinal or diffused into the circulation.

A

IgA

76
Q

dimeric form of IgA is called?

A

secretory IgA which are plasma cells that are found in mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

77
Q

NV of IgA

A
  • 90 to 450 mg/dL (55 to 270 IU/mL) – normal human adult
  • at the end of the first year of life, 25% of the adult IgA is reached, and 50% at 3.5 years of age.
  • Cord blood – 1mg/dL
  • CSF – 0.1 – 0.6mg/dL
78
Q

IgA is increase in?

A
  • tuberculosis
  • RA
  • monocytic leukemia
  • liver disease (Laennec’s cirrhosis)
79
Q

IgM is increase in?

A
  • subacute bacterial endocarditis
  • sclerodema
  • waldenstrom’s
80
Q

what Ig?
- prenatal:
- postnatal:

A

prenatal: IgG
postnatal: IgA

81
Q

IgA that act as opsonin

A

serum and secretory IgA

82
Q

Ig that helps during oral immunization such as Sabin vaccine

A

IgA

83
Q

A monomer found mainly (with
IgM) on the surface of B cells

A

IgD

84
Q

Ig found mainly on the skin, and in the
lining of the respiratory and alimentary
tracks.

A

IgE

85
Q

this Ig mediates the release of histamines and heparin.

A

IgE

86
Q

the Ig that are very important in mucosa

A

IgE and IgA

87
Q

the most heat-labile of all immunoglobulins; heating to 56ºC for
between 30 minutes and 3 hours results in conformational changes and loss of ability to bind to target cells.

A

IgE

88
Q

a unique amino acid sequence that is
common to all immunoglobulin molecules of a given class in a given species.

A

isotype determinant

89
Q

it differentiates one class of IgG
from the other.

A

isotype determinant

90
Q

Minor variants of the constant region that are present in some individuals but not others

A

allotype determinants

91
Q

IgG subclasses, what antigenic determinant

A

allotype determinants

92
Q

the determinants are located in the
variable part of the antibody associated with the hypervariable regions that form the antigen-combining site.

A

idiotype determinants

93
Q

Unique structures on light and heavy chains, what determinant?

A

idiotype determinants

94
Q

Activation and proliferation of a lymphocyte

A

clonal selection

95
Q

First antibody response, after binding the B cell triggering antibody synthesis.

A

primary antibody response

96
Q

phase where no antibody is detectable

A

lag phase

97
Q

phase where the antibody titer increases logarithmically

A

log phase

98
Q

phase where the antibody titer stabilizes

A

plateau phase

99
Q

phase where antibody is catabolized

A

decline phase

100
Q

this response can be observed in hemolytic disease, when Rh-nega mother is pregnant with an Rh-posi baby

A

anamnestic response (secondary)

101
Q

time during anamnestic response

A
  • shorter lag phase
  • longer plateau
  • more gradual decline
102
Q

antibody titer for anamnestic response

A

higher Ab levels

103
Q

This property resides in the portion of the Fab molecule in which a cleft formed largely by the hypervariable regions of heavy and light chains.

A

combining site

104
Q

this exists when the binding sites of the antibodies directed against determinants of one antigen are not complementary to determinants of another dissimilar antigen.

A

specificity

105
Q

A proportion of the antibodies directed
against one type of antigen will also react with the other type of antigen

A

cross-reactivity

106
Q

continue to antibody affinity!!!!!

A

Immuno-Sero lect (2 decks)

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