antiemetics Flashcards
antiemetics are used to suppress ___ and ___
nausea and vomiting
the emetic response of an antiemetic is a complex reflex that occurs after activation of ____ in the medulla oblongata
after activation of vomiting
what are the several types of receptors that are involved in the emetic response
serotonin; glucocorticoids; substance P; neurokinin1; dopamine; acetylcholine; and histamine
many antiemetics interact with one or more ___
one or more receptor
serotonin receptor antagonists include
Granisetron, dolasetron, palonosetron
Ondansetron [Zofran]
ondansetron (zofran) was first approved for
chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting CINV)
ondansetron (zofran) was also used to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with ____ therapy and ____
radiotherapy and anesthesia
ondansetron (zofran) blocks type ____ serotonin receptors on afferent vagal nerve
block type 3
ondansetron ( zofran) is more effective when taken with
dexamethasone
adverse effects of ondansetron (zofran) are
Headache, diarrhea, dizziness, prolonged QT interval, risk of torsades de pointes
glucocorticoids is an unknown _____ (MOA) as an antiemetic
unknown mechanism of action
2 common glucocorticoids include
Methylprednisolone
Dexamethasone
glucocorticoids are commonly used to suppress ___ however it is not an application approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
CINV
gluocorticoids are effective ___ and in combination with other antiemetics
effective alone/ with other antiemetics
examples of antiemetic (benzodiazepines)
lorazepam (ativan)
benzodiazepines are used in combination regimens to suppress
CINV
3 primary benefits of benzodiazepines
Sedation
Suppression of anticipatory emesis
Production of anterograde amnesia
examples of antiemetics dopamine antagonists
Phenothiazines: Prochlorperazine
dopamine antagonists — Phenothiazines: Prochlorperazine block ____ receptors in CTZ
dopamine 2 receptors in CTZ
Phenothiazines: Prochlorperazine
are used during
surgery cancer chemotherapy and toxins
Phenothiazines: Prochlorperazine
are used in ___
children
side effects of dopamine antagonists are
Extrapyramidal reactions
Anticholinergic effects
Hypotension and sedation
(antiemetic) Butyrophenones examples are
Haloperidol [Haldol] and droperidol [Inapsine]
(butyrophenones) Haloperidol [Haldol] and droperidol [Inapsine] block
block dopamine 2 receptor in CTZ
Haloperidol [Haldol] and droperidol [Inapsine] are used for
Postoperative nausea/vomiting, chemotherapy emesis, radiation therapy, and toxins
side effects of Haloperidol [Haldol] and droperidol [Inapsine] are
Similar to phenothiazines
May cause prolonged QT interval and fatal dysrhythmias
Electrocardiogram (ECG) before administration
you need an ________ before haloperidol and droperidol administration
ECG
the antiemetic Metoclopramide [Reglan]
blocks
dopamine receptors in CTZ
the antiemetic Metoclopramide [Reglan] is used for
Postoperative nausea/vomiting, anticancer drug, opioids, toxins, radiation therapy
examples of antiemetic Cannabinoids
Dronabinol [Marinol] and nabilone [Cesamet]
cannabinoids are related to
marijuana
cannabinoids are used for
CINV
the mechanism of action of cannabinoids with emesis are
unclear
there is potential for ____ and ____ effects when taking cannabinoids
potential for abuse and psychotomimetic effects
