antidiarrheals and laxatives

Question 1

what is acute diarrhea?

Answer 1

-sudden onset
-lasts 3 days to 2 weeks
-resolves itself

Question 2

what is chronic diarrhea?

Answer 2

-lasts for more than 3 to 4 weeks
-other symptoms:
-fever
-loss of appetite
-nausea
-vomiting
-weight loss
-chronic weakness

Question 3

what are antidiarrheals?

Answer 3

-adsorbents
-anticholinergics and opiates
-probiotics

Question 4

what do adsorbents do?

Answer 4

-coat the walls of the gastrointestinal tract
-bind to the causative bacteria or toxin, which is then eliminated in the stool

Question 5

what are examples of adsorbents?

Answer 5

-bismuth subsalicylate (pepto-bismol)
-activated charcoal
-antilipemic drugs colestipol and cholestyramine

Question 6

what do anticholinergics do?

Answer 6

-decrease intestinal muscle tone and peristalsis of GI tract
-result in slowed movement of fecal matter through the GI tract
-slow peristalsis by reducing the rhythmic contractions and smooth muscle tone of the GI tract
-have a drying effect
-reduce gastric secretions
-used in combination with adsorbents and opiates

Question 7

what do opiates do?

Answer 7

-decrease bowel motility and reduce pain by relief of rectal spasms
-increases transit time through the bowel, allowing more time for water and electrolytes to be absorbed

Question 8

what are examples of opiates?

Answer 8

-paregoric
-opium tincture
-codeine phosphate
-loperamide hydrochloride
-diphenoxylate hydrochloride with atropine sulphate

Question 9

what do probiotics do?

Answer 9

-supply missing bacteria to the GI tract
-suppress the growth of diarrhea causing bacteria

Question 10

what is an example of a probiotic?

Answer 10

-lactobacillus acidophilus

Question 11

is what case would you use a adsorbent?

Answer 11

-milder cases of diarrhea

Question 12

in what case would you use a anticholinergic or opiate?

Answer 12

-more severe cases of diarrhea

Question 13

in what case would you use a probiotic?

Answer 13

-antibiotic-induced diarrhea

Question 14

what are some adverse effects of adsorbents?

Answer 14

-increased bleeding time
-constipation, dark stool
-confusion
-tinnitus
-metallic taste
-blue gums or black tongue

Question 15

what are some adverse effects of anticholinergics?

Answer 15

-urinary retention, sexual dysfunction
-headache, dizziness, confusion, anxiety, drowsiness
-dry skin, flushing
-blurred vision
-hypotension, bradycardia pr tachycardia

Question 16

what are some adverse effects of opiates?

Answer 16

-drowsiness, dizziness, lethargy
-nausea, vomiting, constipation
-respiratory disease
-hypotension
-urinary retention
-flushing

Question 17

what are the 5 different kinds of laxatives?

Answer 17

-bulk forming
-emollient
-hyperosmotic
-saline
-stimulant

Question 18

what do bulk forming laxatives do?

Answer 18

-absorb water to increase bulk
-distend bowel to initiate reflex bowel activity

Question 19

what are examples of bulk forming laxatives?

Answer 19

-psyllium (metamucil)
-methylcellulose

Question 20

what do emollient laxatives do?

Answer 20

-stool softeners and lubricants
-promote more water and fat in the stools
-lubricate the fecal material and intestinal walls

Question 21

what is one example of a stool softener and one lubricant?

Answer 21

-stool softener: docusate salts (colace)
-lubricant: mineral oils

Question 21

what are some examples of hyperosmotic laxatives?

Answer 21

-polyethylene glycol
-sorbitol, glycerin
-lactulose

Question 21

what do hyperosmotic laxatives do?

Answer 21

-increase fecal water content
-results in bowel distention, increased peristalsis, and evacuation

Question 22

what do saline laxatives do?

Answer 22

-increases osmotic pressure within the intestinal tract, causing more water to enter the intestines
-results in bowel distention, increased peristalsis, and evacuation

Question 23

what are some examples of saline laxatives?

Answer 23

-magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia)
-magnesium citrate

Question 24

what do stimulants laxative do?

Answer 24

-increase peristalsis via intestinal nerve stimulation

Question 25

what are some examples of stimulant laxatives?

Answer 25

-senna (senokot)
-bisacodyl (dulcolax)

Question 26

what are some bulk forming laxative indications?

Answer 26

-acute and chronic constipation
-irritable bowel syndrome
-diverticulosis

Question 27

what are some emollient laxatives indications?

Answer 27

-acute and chronic constipation
-fecal impaction
-facilitation of bowel movements in anorectal conditions

Question 27

what are some saline laxative indications?

Answer 27

-constipation
-diagnostic and surgical procedures

Question 27

what are some hyperosmotic laxative indications

Answer 27

-chronic constipation
-diagnostic and surgical procedures

Question 28

what are some stimulant laxative indications?

Answer 28

-acute constipation
-diagnostic and surgical procedures

Question 29

what are the adverse effects of bulk forming laxatives?

Answer 29

-impaction
-fluid overload
-electrolyte imbalances
-gas formation
-esophageal blockage
-allergic reaction

Question 30

what are the adverse effects of emollient laxatives?

Answer 30

-skin rashes
-decreased absorption of vitamins
-electrolyte imbalances
-lipid pneumonia

Question 31

what are the adverse effects of hyperosmotic laxatives?

Answer 31

-abdominal bleeding
-electrolyte imbalances
-rectal irritation

Question 32

what are the adverse effects of saline laxatives?

Answer 32

-magnesium toxicity (with renal insufficiency)
-cramping
-electrolyte imbalances
-cramping, diarrhea
-increased thirst

Question 33

what are the adverse effects of stimulant laxatives?

Answer 33

-nutrient malabsorption
-skin rashes
-gastric irritation
-electrolyte imbalances
-discolored urine
-rectal irritation