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DEN 2026 - Pharmacology > Anticancer Therapy > Flashcards

Anticancer Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 key components of cancer

A
  1. Uncontrolled cell proliferation

2. Ability to spready, migrate and invade

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2
Q

Describe 2 genes which play a significant role in cancer

A
  1. Photo-oncogene

2. Tumour Suppressor Gene

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3
Q

Describe 5 main cancer types

A
  1. Carcinoma (begins in skin or tissue)
  2. Sarcoma (begins in bone, fat, muscle, CT etc)
  3. Leukaemia (begins in blood forming tissue)
  4. Lymphoma (cancer in cells of immune system)
  5. Central nervous system (begins in brain or spinal cord)
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4
Q

Name the 8 hall marks of cancer

A
  1. Evading growth suppressors
  2. Avoid immune destruction
  3. Enabling replicative immortality
  4. Activating invasion and metastasis
  5. Inducing angiogenesis
  6. Resisting cell death
  7. Deregulating cellular energetics
  8. Sustaining proliferative signalling
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5
Q

Describe the hall mark of cancer - “Sustaining proliferative signalling”

A

The accelerator signals instruct cells to grow and divide chronically

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6
Q

Describe the hall mark of cancer - “Evading growth suppressors”

A

The signals to stop growing and dividing have been disabled

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7
Q

Describe the hall mark of cancer - “Avoiding immune destruction”

A

Production of signals to hold back immune cells in checks during cell replication

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8
Q

Describe the hall mark of cancer - “Enabling replicative immortality”

A

Circumventing the cellular timekeeper which typically disrupts cell division when a certain number is reached

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9
Q

What acts as the cellular timekeeper?

A

Telomere

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10
Q

Describe the hall mark of cancer - “Activating invasion and metastasis”

A

Loss of cell adhesion by epithelial mesenchymal transition

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11
Q

Describe the hall mark of cancer - “Inducing angiogenesis”

A

New blood vessel formation due to changes in growth factors

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12
Q

Describe the hall mark of cancer - “Resisting cell death”

A

Avoiding assisted suicide of rogue cells

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13
Q

Describe the hall mark of cancer - “Deregulating cellular energetics”

A

Aerobic glycolysis (cancer cells consume 20 times more glucose than normal cells)

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14
Q

Name 4 components of the aetiology of cancer

A
  1. Genetic predisposition
  2. Environmental factors
  3. Pre-disposing medical factors
  4. Immunodeficiency
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15
Q

Name 3 types of environmental factors which contribute to aetiology of cancer

A
  1. Lifestyle (smoking, alcohol, obesity)
  2. Industrial carcinogens
  3. Drugs / Radiation
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16
Q

Name 4 treatment modalities with regards to cancer

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Radiotherapy
  3. Systemic anti-cancer therapy
  4. Palliative and support care
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17
Q

Name 3 types of radiotherapy

A
  1. External beam
  2. Brachytherapy
  3. Radio-isotope therapy
18
Q

Name 4 types of systemic anti-cancer treatments

A
  1. Chemotherapy
  2. Hormone therapy
  3. Immunotherapy
  4. Targeted therapies
19
Q

What is the major aim for surgery during cancer?

A

Organ and functional conservation

20
Q

Name 4 cancers which involve cytotoxic chemotherapy as a cure

A
  1. Breast cancer
  2. Leukaemia
  3. Lymphoma
  4. Lung cancer
21
Q

Name 4 key types of cytotoxic agents used in chemotherapy

A
  1. Alkylating agents
  2. Anti metabolites
  3. Mitotic inhibitors
  4. Antibiotics
22
Q

What is radiotherapy?

A

The use of ionising radiation to treat diseases

23
Q

What is ionising radiation?

A

Refers to type of radiation in which absorption of energy results in ejection of one or more orbital electrons from an atom or molecule

24
Q

What is the aim of radiation to treat cancer?

A
  • Irreparably damage double-stranded DNA

- Cause this directly or indirectly

25
Q

Describe the main complication of prostate cancers

A

90% of men with metastatic prostate cancer have bone metastases

26
Q

Name 5 complications of bone metastases

A
  1. Bone marrow failure
  2. Pain
  3. Fractures
  4. Spinal cord compression
  5. Hypercalcaemia
27
Q

Name 5 relevant side effects of anti cancer therapies for dentists

A
  1. Risk of infection
  2. Risk of bleeding
  3. Stomatitis
  4. Xerostomia
  5. Dysgeusia
  6. Mandibular osteonecrosis
28
Q

What must happen with regards to oral health prior to radiation or chemotherapy?

A

Teeth which are non-restorable or potential problem teeth should be removed and all other teeth restored to optimum health

29
Q

Name 4 main dental problems of radiotherapy

A
  1. Xerostomia
  2. Mucositis
  3. Taste alterations
  4. Radiation caries and osteoradionecrosis
30
Q

Name 5 ways to manage dental health for a patient receiving radiotherapy

A
  1. Palliative mouth rinses
  2. Topical steroids
  3. Synthetic saliva preparations
  4. Topical fluoride
  5. Meticulous oral hygiene
31
Q

Name 4 systemic side effects of chemotherapy

A
  1. Hair loss
  2. Cardiotoxicity
  3. Renal failure
  4. Infertility
32
Q

What is the major side effect of all oncology mediations?

A

Stomatitis

33
Q

Name 2 treatments used for invasive procedures with regards to cancer

A
  1. Antibiotic prophylaxis

2. Platelet replacement

34
Q

What is the characterisation of osteonecrosis of the jaw?

A
  • Exposed necrotic bone
  • Pain
  • Local swelling
35
Q

Explain why there is more cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw in females

A

Hormone therapy and bisphosphonate treatment use is higher in females

36
Q

Name 2 types of anti resorptive agents which cause jaw osteonecrosis

A
  1. Bisphosphonates (alendronate, zoledronate)

2. Rank ligand inhibitor (denosumab)

37
Q

Name 3 agents which are not anti resorptive which can cause jaw osteonecrosis

A
  1. Antiangiogenic agents (sorafenib)
  2. Phosphorus
  3. Irradiation
38
Q

Describe the mode of action of bisphosphonates

A
  • Stable derivatives of inorganic pyrophosphate
  • Bind hydroxyapatite crystals
  • Incorporated in sites of active remodelling
  • Prevent resorption by osteoclasts
  • Promote osteoclast apoptosis
39
Q

Describe the mode of action of denosumab

A
  • Human monoclonal antibody to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B
  • Inhibits development and activation of osteoclasts
  • No binding to bone matrix
  • Anti resorptive effects dissipated
40
Q

Describe 3 components of the management of dental disease in established osteonecrosis

A
  1. Conservative treatment of teeth
  2. Necrotic symptomatic bone should be removed
  3. Extract symptomatic teeth in necrotic bone
41
Q

With regards to oncology, name 3 patients dentists must be particularly cautious with

A
  1. Patients receiving chemotherapy
  2. Patients on bone targeted therapies
  3. Patients receiving or having received radiotherapy to head and neck region

DEN 2026 - Pharmacology (22 decks)

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