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Anticancer drugs and Chemotherapy > Anticancer > Flashcards

Anticancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define
Neoplasms
Benign and Malignant

A

Neoplasm = New and diseased form of tissue growth
Benign neoplasms = Non cancer form of tissue growth, which can be removed by surgery. No metastases.
Malignant neoplasms = Cancer form of tissue growt

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2
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_= Leukemia (cancer of cells in blood)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Sarcoma
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Carcinoma
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Lymphoma (also named as Hodkins disease)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Myeloid leukemia
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Kaposis sarcoma
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Malignant melanoma
A

Bone marrow = Leukemia (cancer of cells in blood)
Connective tissue = Sarcoma
Epithelium = Carcinoma
Lymphoid tissue = Lymphoma (also named as Hodkins disease)
Myeloid stem cells = Myeloid leukemia
Endothelium = Kaposis sarcoma
Skin (melanocytes) = Malignant melanoma

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3
Q

cells must traverse the cell cycle phases before and during cell division.
Anticancer drugs may act on specific phase. Tumor cells are more responsive to specific drugs

A

Cell Cycle Phases
G0 phase – Resting phase
G1 phase – Synthesis of enzymes needed for DNA synthesis
S phase –DNA replication (DNA synthesis)
G2 phase –Synthesis of components needed for mitosis.
M phase – Mitotic tubule formationVincristine and vinblastine

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4
Q

Cell cycle phase

specific drugs

A

More active against cells that are specific phase of cycle: G1 phaseL-aspraginase and prednisone
S phaseMethotrexate, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine
G2 specificBleomycin and etoposide
M phaseVincristine and vinblastine, peclitaxol

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5
Q

Cell cycle specific drug (phase non-specific)

A

Alkylating agents, Antitumor antibiotic, Cisplatin

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6
Q

Cell cycle non specific agents

A

Effective whether cancer cells are in cycle or resting phase➡️radiation, nitrosoureas, mechlorethanime

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7
Q 
Acute SEs of chemo
• \_\_\_\_\_ effects the adjacent tissue
• \_\_\_\_\_ damage to tissue/necrosis
• \_\_\_\_\_\_Inflamm assoc w thrombus due to what? Dev aft chemo
• Hypersensitive reactions
• Rapid tumor lysis syndrome
• Nausea and vomiting
A

Extravasation
Vessicant drugs
Thrombophlebitis due to activation of fibrinogen

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8
Q

Chronic Skin organ specific SEs

A

alopecia, dry skin, nail changes, pigmentation (melanoma), xerostomia

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9
Q

Loss of hair and drugs that causes this:

A

Alopecia. doxorubicin, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and paclitaxel.
*hair regrowth occurs aft 1-2 mos after stopping chemo

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10
Q

Vessicant agents drug examples

A

dactinomycin, doxorubicin, mechlorethamine, mitomycin, vincristine, and vinblastine

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11
Q

Also called bone marrow depression, examples and complications, onset, recovery time.

A

Myelosuppression: Neutropenia and Thrombocytopenia

  • most dose limiting side effect of cancer
  • onset is 7 – 10 ds and peak is 10 –14ds Recovery count occurs usually in 2 – 3 wks
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12
Q

Neutropenia drug tx.

A

treated by colony stimulating factors:
(G-CSF and GM – CSF) Filgrastim or
pegfilgrastim

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13
Q

Thrombocytopenia prevention tx:

A

for prevention use Oprelvekin (Inerleukin-11)

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14
Q

Deficiency in folic acid by methotrexate=Folinic acid (leucovorin, 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid

A

Megaloblastic anemia

* Cancer patient with anemia= Erythropoeitins are useful

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15
Q

Least bone marrow depression anticancer drugs is?

A

Bleomycin

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16
Q

Cardiotoxicity:
Risk of CHF, commonly seen with?
Cause coronary spasms, mimicking a myocardial infarction?

A
  • CHF: doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, mitoxantrone.

- 5-FU, capecitabine

17
Q

Cardiotoxicity can prevented or lessen by using what cardioprotective agent?

A

Dexrazoxane

18
Q

Pulmonary toxicity:

Pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis commonly seen with what chemo drugs?

A

bleomycin, carmustine, cyclophosphamide, mitomycin, methotrexate, vinca alkaloids

19
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary toxicity?

A

Symptoms of pulmonary toxicity include SOB, non-productive cough, and rarely low grade fever.

20
Q

Another term for Dry mouth- one of the most common complications associated with radiation therapy. Reversible when?

A

Xerostomia. Reversible after 6 to 12 months of therapy.

21
Q

How to manage dry mouth?

A

Can be managed by: sugar free hard candy, chewing sugar free gum stimulates salivation. Ice chips, sugarless candies, and commercially available saliva substitute or cholinergic agonist (Pilocarpine 5mg tab).

22
Q
  • Neurotoxicity common with what chemo agents?

* Peripheral neuropathies assoc w?

A
  • vincristine, vinblastine, Cytarabines, Methotrexate (very little), 5FU, interferon alpha.
  • Peclitaxel, Vincristine
23
Q
  • causes Perethesia
  • High dose of this may produce cerebllar toxicity that manifest initially as loss of eye-hand coordination and progress to coma
  • cause severe neurotoxicity
A

Vincristine
Cytarabin
Fludrabine

24
Q

Genz burning, and pain on the ventral surface of tongue. Floor of tongue, mouth looks erythromatus.
-genz inflamm of oral mucosa.
Common with what chemo agents?

A

Mucositis
Stomatitis
-Doxorubicin, Methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, Actinomycin,
Bleomycin capecitabine

25
Q

Mucositis treatment and prevention:
• Top anes examples: _____
• _____ anti-inflammatory action.
• _____ Produces burning and pain and ultimately desensitizes pain.
• _____ provide benefit by coating.
This mwash may reduce severity and frequency of mucositis infections?

A

• Top. anes: Viscous lidocaine, or dyclonine HCL 0.5 or 1%
• Corticosteroid
• Capscisin
• Sucralfate suspension
-Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.12% (Peridex, Periogard)

26
Q

N&V: Very high emetics anticancer drugs

A
  • Cisplatin
  • Streptozocin
  • Cyclophosphamide
27
Q

N&V: High emetics anticancer drugs

A
  • Doxorubicin
  • Methotrexate (250 mg to 1000 mg)
  • Cytarabine
28
Q

N&V: Lowest emetic anticancer drugs

A
  • Bleomycin
  • Methotrexate (under 50 mg)
  • Vincristine
  • Vinblastine
  • Tamoxifen
29
Q

The lowest emitogenic drugs n&v can be treated by?
• High and very high emitogenic drugs associated acute: n&v can be treated by?
• DOC for delayed nausea?
• Anticipatory n&v?

A
  • Dexa PRN
  • Dexa + Ondansetron
  • Dexa DOC
  • Benzodiazepine.
30
Q

Hepatotoxicity monitor LFT, jaundice, or hepatitis chemo agents

A

asparaginase, cytarabine, mercaptopurine, and methotrexate.

31
Q

Nephropathy: Elevate BUN and electrolyte abnormalities:

Amifostine may be used to protect the kidney from the nephrotoxicity associated with what chemo agents?

A

methotrexate may precipitate in kidney. Cisplatin and

streptozocin

32
Q

Sexual dysfunction:

Chemo agents assoc with significant infertility in men and women?

A

Cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and procarbazine

33
Q

• What bladder toxicity that is seen most commonly after administration of?
The other method is by administering uroprotecting agent called_____, which bind which metabolite and prevent from contacting the bladder mucosa.

A

Hemorrhagic cystitis: Cyclo. and Ifosfamide
-acrolein- these drugs produce this metabolite wc cause chemical irritation in bladder
mucosa, resulting in bleeding, prevented by excessive hydration and frequent urination.
-MESNA uroprotecting agent

34
Q

Chemo agents admin intrathecally:

Warning: _____should be labelled as Intravenous only. _____ causes death.

A

administered intrathecally: Methotrexate, Cytarabine’ Thiotepa
Warning: Vincristine, intrathecally causes death.

35
Q

Examples antimetabolites include?

A

methotrexate, 5 FU, mercaptopurine, citarabine and theoguanine

36
Q

Examples of alkylating anticancer drugs?

A

Cisplatin, cyclophophamide, streptozocin

37
Q

-Cancer patient on cancer chemotherapy, reports shortness of breath, non productive
cough?
-causes Pulmonary fibrosis?
-Least bone marrow depression, and emetic chemo drug

A

Bleomycin

Anticancer drugs and Chemotherapy (1 decks)

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