Anticancer

Question 1

Define Cancer

Answer 1

When cells abnormally divide without control and invade other cells.

There is a loss of regulatory mechanisms

Question 2

Rogue Cells

Answer 2

Cells that have lost their specialized characteristics

Question 3

Benign cells

Answer 3

Noncancerous, abnormal tissue growth

Question 4

Malignant Cells

Answer 4

Cancerous cells that can invade other parts of the body

Question 5

BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes

Answer 5

These are normally tumor suppressing proteins be once mutated will cause the protein not to work
These mutation can be INHERITED and are the cause of breast cancer

Question 6

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 6

Normal genes that code for proteins in control of cell division and differentiation

Mutations cause cancer (oncogenes)

Question 7

Ras Gene

Answer 7

A Common mutation site that leads to continuous cell division and cancer

Question 8

Anti-Oncogenes

Answer 8

Inactive tumor suppressor genes

Question 9

Genetic defects can lead to

Answer 9

Abnormal:

signalling pathways, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, angiogenesis (for tissue invasion and metastasis)

Question 10

Carcinoma is cancer of the

Answer 10

Epithelial cells

• Breast
• Prostate
• Colon
• Lung

Question 11

Sarcoma is cancer of the

Answer 11

-Connective tissue (cartilage, fat, etc)

Question 12

Lymphoma and Leukemia is cancer of the

Answer 12

-lymph system and bloodstream/blood cells

Question 13

Germinoma is cancer of the

Answer 13

germ cells, testicles and ovary

Question 14

Blastoma is

Answer 14

a tumor of primitive or incompletely differentiated cells

Question 15

Phases of cancer

Answer 15

1. Initiation
   - initial mutation in gene
2. Promotion
   - increase proliferation of mutated cell
3. Progression
   - malignant tumor forms
4. Metastasis
   - cells break off and lodge at remote sites

Question 16

Chemotherapy is used to

Answer 16

1. reduce size of tumor before surgery
2. Sensitize tumors to radiation
3. destroy microscopic tumors after surgery

NOTE: the therapy is NOT specific and affects both normal and cancer cells!

Question 17

Chemotherapy relies on what property of cancerous cells?

Answer 17

It assumes cancer cells take up extracellular material (ie. drugs) faster than normal cells (therefore more drugs get into cancer cells)

Question 18

Antimetabolites are

Answer 18

precursor molecules that look very similar and can be incorporated in pathways as the actual molecule
-but they are different enough so that there is no result after incorporation

Question 19

Bevacizumab

Answer 19

Neutralizes VEGF to treat metastatic colorectal cancer

Question 20

Cetuximab

Answer 20

Binds EGFR to treat metastatic colorectal carcinoma

Question 21

Ipilimumab

Answer 21

Binds CTLA-4 to treat metastatic melanoma

Question 22

Nivolumab

Answer 22

Inhibits T cell proliferation to programmed cell death

Question 23

Ofatumumab

Answer 23

binds CD20 for CLL

Question 24

Panitumumab

Answer 24

Binds EGFR

Question 25

Rituximab

Answer 25

Binds to CD20 to treat non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma